Table 1.

Dependent and independent variables on district level ( n  = 412)

Topic	Metric variables	Mean	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Dependent	Density of GPs (per 10 000 inhabitants)	6.32	0.99	1.52	12.58
	Density of specialists (per 10 000 inhabitants)	3.14	1.35	0.51	8.99
	Ratio GPs/specialists	2.30	0.99	0.75	12.80
Demand/need factors
Population	Population density (per km2)	518.68	674.91	37.09	4355.28
Morbidity	Old-age dependency ratio	32.14	4.22	22.03	45.53
	Life-expectancy women (from 60 years)	25.08	0.63	23.10	27.10
	Life-expectancy men (from 60 years)	21.56	0.94	19.40	24.60
	Mortality (deaths per 1000 inhabitants)	10.91	1.59	6.90	15.40
Financial incentives	Household income (in €, per month)	1548.93	199.31	1157.90	2585.00
	Rate of privately insured persons (%)	13.46	4.32	3.53	27.00
Control factors
Health care system	No. of hospital beds (per 10 000 inhabitants)	64.49	38.70	0.00	215.90
	No. of nursing home beds (per 10 000 inhabitants)	108.94	28.83	47.10	256.60
Cultural	No. of middle-order centers	2.24	2.16	0.00	11.00
	No. of high-order centers	0.39	0.56	0.00	4.00
Labor/economy	Unemployment rate (%)	7.41	3.31	1.90	17.40
	Rate of highly qualified workers (%)	8.23	3.80	3.00	26.50
	GDP per capita (in €1000)	27.58	10.24	13.20	83.60
Attractiveness	Touristic attractiveness	5.27	7.56	0.00	90.60
	Building area attractiveness	125.47	117.34	0.00	1031.80
	Migration balance (last 10 years)	4.54	46.13	−171.40	100.30
	Migration balance (last 5 years)	−3.98	21.85	−69.80	61.80
Infrastructure	Travel time to airport	54.41	24.11	7.60	161.50
	Travel time high-speed train station	22.36	14.42	0.00	61.60
	Travel time middle-order center	8.26	6.40	0.00	36.60
	Travel time high-order center	26.56	17.83	0.00	76.20
	Binary variables	Frequency		Percentage
Cultural	State capital	16/412		3.88
	City >100 000 inhabitants	68/412		16.50
Health care system	University hospital	33/412		8.01
Infrastructure	District in former East Germany	86/412		20.87
	Urban district	206/412		50.00