. 2015 Nov 16;12:41. doi: 10.1186/s12970-015-0102-y

Table 5.

Markers of Muscle Catabolism, Secondary Muscle Damage, and Physiological Stress

Variable	Group	Baseline	Pre-Lift	60-min Post	24-hr Post	48-hr Post	Group Mean	p-value (GG)	p-value (WSC)
AST (U/L)	P	31.85±9.65	27.47±6.40	30.79±7.88	41.39±13.31	37.67±10.33	33.83±2.19	G=0.919
	TC	37.70±17.65	28.39±7.62	29.53±6.46	40.59±17.59	31.32±11.57	33.51±2.29	T=0.003*	T _q =0.759
	Time Mean	34.78±2.93	27.93±1.46^†	30.16±1.51^Ψ	40.99±3.23^Ψ◊	34.50±2.28^Ψ#		G X T=0.316	G X T _L =0.162
ALT (U/L)	P	33.81±18.74	32.21±12.26	34.19±13.60	36.78±14.97	35.80±13.84	34.56±4.19	G=0.455
	TC	31.78±13.22	30.01±19.33	28.32±15.83	31.08±19.58	28.54±17.41	29.94±4.38	T=0.529	T _L =0.180
	Time Mean	32.79±3.41	31.11±3.34	31.26±3.07	33.93±3.61^Ψ◊	32.17±3.27		G X T=0.521	G X T _L =0.266
Total Billirubin (umol/L)	P	8.00±3.67	7.25±3.47	9.08±5.31	8.14±3.82	7.35±3.21	7.96±1.01	G=0.395
	TC	9.65±3.85	9.98±4.95	9.58±4.01	9.79±5.20	7.19±3.21	9.24±1.06	T=0.064^§	T _q =0.026*
	Time Mean	8.83±0.78	8.61±0.89	9.33±0.99	8.97±0.95	7.27±0.67^†Ψ◊#		G X T=0.306	G X T _L =0.125
Urea/BUN (mmol/L)	P	6.59±1.54	6.16±1.74	6.07±1.59	6.48±1.96	5.92±2.33	6.24±0.44	G=0.794
	TC	6.49±1.39	6.75±1.30	6.40±1.33	6.59±1.83	5.83±1.66	6.41±0.46	T=0.061^§	T _L =0.055^§
	Time Mean	6.54±0.31	6.46±0.32	6.24±0.31	6.53±0.40	5.88±0.43^†Ψ#		G X T=0.594	G X T _q =0.238
Creatinine (umol/L)	P	96.50±13.23	97.19±19.28	102.76±17.25^	98.91±21.16^	95.20±17.73^^◊	98.11±4.05	G=0.273
	TC	91.82±11.99	96.84±15.27	95.42±14.37	91.52±11.27	81.99±14.87^†Ψ◊#	91.52±4.23	T=0.004*	T _q =0.003*
	Time Mean	94.16±2.64	97.02±3.65	99.09±3.33	95.21±3.58	88.60±3.43^†Ψ◊#		G X T=0.178	G X T _L =0.030*
BUN/Creatinine Ratio	P	17.11±4.38	15.97±3.99	14.82±3.66	16.66±5.67	15.50±5.26	16.01±1.08	G=0.353
	TC	17.65±3.76	17.51±3.83	16.82±3.74	17.85±4.35	17.64±3.80	17.50±1.13	T=0.214	T _q =0.225
	Time Mean	17.37±4.01	16.71±3.90	15.78±3.75^†Ψ	17.23±5.00	16.53±4.64		G X T=0.721	G X T _L =0.388
Uric Acid (umol/L)	P	328±66	317±66	444±136	367±80	349±88	361.12±20.37	G=0.647
	TC	306±52	310±54	470±117	350±93	302±79	347.44±21.28	T<0.001*	T _q <0.001*
	Time Mean	317±12	314±13	457±27^†Ψ	358±18^†Ψ◊	325±17^◊#		G X T=0.298	G X T _q =0.146
CK (U/L)	P	468±288	322±243	451±267	967±700	855±981	613±82	G=0.487
	TC	843±1156	259±146	355±198	770±470	415±213	529±86	T=0.025*	T _q =0.222
	Time Mean	656±172	291±42^†	403±49^Ψ	869±126^Ψ◊	635±151^Ψ		G X T=0.209	G X T _L =0.100^§
Total Protein (mmol/L)	P	78.67±6.11	67.55±7.96^^†	72.23±6.47^†Ψ	68.67±9.45^†	73.67±11.11^†Ψ#	72.16±1.52	G=0.305
	TC	80.53±4.60	74.13±2.62^†	74.59±4.18^†	72.43±6.72^†	70.66±7.92^†Ψ◊	74.47±1.59	T<0.001*	T _q <0.001*
	Time Mean	79.60±1.14	70.84±1.26^†	73.41±1.15^†Ψ	70.55±1.72^†	72.17±2.03^†		G XT=0.091^§	G X T _q =0.018*

Individual group and time data expressed as means ± SD, while group effects are presented as means ± SEM. Data represents the response to muscle catabolism, mechanical damage, and physiological stress at each test session during the 10 day intervention. MANOVA analysis revealed overall Wilks' Lambda time (p<0.001) and group x time (p=0.504). Univariate ANOVA p-levels from MANOVA analysis are presented for each variable. Univariate ANOVA p-levels are listed first by the Greenhouse-Geisser (GG) analysis and then by the within-subjects contrasts (WSC) to demonstrate the potential shape of the time or group x time interaction with significance indicated by the following super/subscripts: * indicates p<0.05 p-level significance, § indicates p<0.10 p-level significance. LSD post hoc analysis is indicated by the following superscripts: ^ represents p<0.05 difference between groups, † represents p<0.05 difference from baseline value, Ψ represents p<0.05 difference from pre-lift, ◊ represents p<0.05 difference from 60-min post, # represents p<0.05 difference from 24-hr post. AST Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, BUN blood urea nitrogen, CK Creatine kinase, G group p-level, T time p-level, G x T interaction, q quadratic p-level, L linear p-level