Table 2.
Clinical, Psychological, and Behavioral Characteristics at Baseline and 6 Months of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Agreed to Become Peer Supporters (Agreed Trainees) And Patients Who Refused (Refused Trainees) After Attending The Training Program
| Agreed Trainees (n = 33) | Refused Trainees (n = 26) | Between Groups P Valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Baseline | Month 6 | Baseline | Month 6 | ||
| Demographics and lifestyle | |||||
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 55.6 ± 11.5 | 53.8 ± 14.8 | |||
| Male (%) | 35 | 20 | |||
| High school or above (%) | 20.6 | 12.5 | |||
| Disease duration, y, mean ± SD | 11.3 ± 6.7 | 12.6 ± 6.4 | |||
| Non-smoker (%) | 93.8 | 92.9 | |||
| Clinical characteristics | 125.1 | ||||
| HbA1c, mean ± SD | 7.0 ±2 | 7.0 ± 0.6 | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.5 | .38 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 135 ± 41 | 117 ± 31b | 140 ± 61 | 137 ± 43 | .04 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 125 ± 12.3 | 123 ± 10. 7 | 127 ± 14.4 | 125 ± 19.9 | .17 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 72 ± 9.5 | 73 ± 9.9 | 69 ± 6.2 | 72 ± 12.4 | .27 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 174 ± 35 | 155 ± 50b | 182 ± 35 | 170 ± 39 | .81 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL, mean (IQR) | 124 (97–160) | 142 (97–186) | 124 (53–160) | 124 (53–142) | .16 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (IQR) | 50 (42–58) | 46 (38–54) | 58 (46–66) | 58 (6–77) | .41 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 97 ± 31 | 89 ± 35b | 104 ± 22 | 100 ± 23 | .69 |
| Questionnaires | |||||
| DES mean score, mean ± SD | 4.18 ± 0.35 | 4.13 ± 0.27 | 4.02 ± 0.35 | 3.97 ± 0.15 | .20 |
| GHQ total score, mean ± SD | 43.5 ± 3.8c | 43 ± 3.82 | 46.2 ± 4.2 | 44.3 ± 2.76 | .45 |
| DASS total score, mean (IQR) | 4 (2–9) | 3 (0–8) | 6 (3–14) | 3.5 (1.8–11.8) | .67 |
| PHQ total score, mean (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 0 (0–2)b | 2 (0–4) | 2 (1–3) | .33 |
| EQ-5D index, mean (IQR) | 1 (0.80–1) | 1 (0.82–1) | 1 (0.80–1) | 0.80 (0.15–1) | .009 |
| EQ-5D VAS, mean ± SD | 84.6 ± 7.7c | 88.1 ± 8.9 | 74.5 ± 14.2 | 76.1 ± 15.2 | .95 |
| SDSCA | |||||
| General diet, mean ± SD | 4.59 ± 1.62 | 5.76 ± 0.95b | 4.11 ± 2.01 | 5.3 ± 2.11 | .52 |
| Special diet,d mean ± SD | 4.62 ± 1.28 | 5.78 ± 1.30b | 4.39 ± 1.39 | 5.17 ± 1.28 | .39 |
| Exercise, mean ± SD | 4.48 ± 1.95 | 4.76 ± 2.06 | 3.68 ± 2.28 | 4.4 ± 2.12 | .56 |
| Glucose monitoring, mean ± SD | 2.82 ± 1.94 | 3.17 ± 1.89 | 3.23 ± 2.47 | 2.5 ± 1.78 | .63 |
| Foot care, mean ± SD | 4.85 ± 1.82 | 5.79 ± 1.45b | 4.33 ± 1.87 | 5.4 ± 1.43 | .09 |
| Medication adherence, mean ± SD | 6.79 ± 1.11 | 6.54 ± 1.5 | 6.45 ± 1.48 | 7 ± 0.85 | .31 |
Between-group comparison of change from baseline to month 6.
P <.05 within-group comparison.
P <.05 between-group comparison at baseline.
Special diet: fruit/vegetable and high-fat food consumption.
Note: These are the score ranges for assessment tools:
DES: 20-item Diabetes Empowerment Scale, range 20–100; higher score means better self-efficacy.
GHQ: 12-item General Health Questionnaire, range 0–36; higher score means poorer psychological health.
DASS: 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, range 0–63; higher score means more depression, anxiety and stress.
PHQ: 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, range 0–27; higher score means more depression.
EQ-5D index score: 5-item Euroqol; UK traffic was used; range -0.594 to 1; higher score means better health-related quality of life.
EQ-5D VAS: Visual Analogue Scale of EQ-5D, range 0–100; higher score means better self-rated health status.
SDSCA: (14-item Summary of Diabetes Self Care Assessment, range: 0–98; higher score means better self-care.