Table 5. Summary of main findings.

Finding	Frontiers	IEEE (Spain)	IEEE (International)
Male first authors achieve higher scores than female first authors	X		X
There is no significant difference between scores from male and female reviewers	X	X	X
There is no evidence of gender bias (significant interaction between author and reviewer gender)	X	X	X
In a small number of cases, first authors from particular geographical regions score significantly higher or significantly lower than authors from all other regions.	X	X	X
There are no significant differences between scores given by reviewers from different regions	X	X	X
There is little or no regional bias (little or no evidence for interaction between author and review region)	X	X	X
Authors from institutions in English-speaking countries score higher than authors in non-English speaking countries	X	N/A	X
There is no significance difference between scores from reviewers from institutions in English and non-English speaking countries	X	N/A	X
There is no significant language bias (no interaction between language of author and reviewer institutions)	X	N/A	X
Scores for authors from institutions with high Shanghai rankings are significantly higher than scores for authors from lower ranking institutions	X	N/A	X
There is no significant difference between scores from reviewers from institutions in different Shanghai categories	X	N/A	X
There is no bias in terms of the Shanghai category of author and reviewer institutions (no significant interaction between them)	X	N/A	X