Fig. 4.

Number, mass and area of leaves per branch in non-defoliated (i.e. Controls) and Defoliated trees of Nothofagus pumilio 1 and 2 years after a massive and complete natural defoliation caused by the moth caterpillar Ormiscodes amphimone (Saturniidae) during summer 2009 (i.e. January-February) in the southern Andes of Chile. Bars represent mean values, and error bars refer to standard errors (n = 30). Asterisks indicate significant differences between defoliated and control trees at *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01 and ***P < 0·001.