Fig. 5.

Morphological and chemical characteristics of leaves in non-defoliated (i.e. Controls) and Defoliated trees of Nothofagus pumilio 1 and 2 years after a massive and complete forest natural defoliation caused by the moth caterpillar O. amphimone (Saturniidae) in the southern Andes of Chile during summer 2009 (i.e. January and February 2009). Bars represents mean values, and error bars indicate standard errors (n = 30). Asterisks indicate significant differences between defoliated and control trees at **P < 0·01 and ***P < 0·001.