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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Biomater. 2015 Sep 30;28:76–85. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.031

Figure 6.

Figure 6

A) α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and B) osteocalcin (OCN) geneexpression (mRNA) by valvular interstitial cells (VICs) at later stages of growth on functionalized surfaces. Initial expression of αSMA visualized through immunocytochemical staining (data not shown) is reduced by day 5 on most surfaces except NH3+-SAMs and osteoblastic controls, which have a significantly higher in αSMA expression. NH3+-SAMs also express significant increases in OCN expression (a late stage osteoblastic marker observed in between days 14 & 21 in osteoblast-like VICs) as early as day 7. *p < 0.05, n = 6.