Table 1.

Examples of immunomodulatory effectors produced by classic/emerging probiotics.

Immunomodulatory effector	Species	Probiotic type	Effect on host immune system	References
Surface Layer Protein A (SlpA)	L. acidophilus	Classic	Immunomodulation of intestinal dendritic cells	Konstantinov et al., 2008
Pili proteins (SpaCBA)	L. rhamnosus	Classic	Contact with mucosal cells	Reunanen et al., 2012
Pili	B. bifidum	Classic	Increase TNF-α and decrease IL-10 production	Turroni et al., 2013
	B. breve	Classic	Host colonization	O'Connell Motherway et al., 2011
Fimbriae	E. coli	Emerging	Host-colonization	Kleta et al., 2014
	L. plantarum	Classic	Immunomodulation	Murofushi et al., 2015
Serpin	B. longum	Classic	Human neutrophil and pancreatic elastase inhibitor	Ivanov et al., 2006
Serine-threonine rich proteins	Bifidobacterium sp.	Classic	Intestinal homeostasis	Nezametdinova et al., 2014
	Lactobacillus sp.	Classic	Intestinal homeostasis	Zakharevich et al., 2012
Serine-threonine rich peptide (STp)	L. plantarum	Classic	Anti-inflammatory; modulates intestinal dendritic cell function	Bernardo et al., 2012; Al-Hassi et al., 2014
Lactocepin	L. paracasei	Classic	Hydrolyzes IP-10	von Schillde et al., 2012
Secreted 15 kDa protein	F. prausnitzii	Emerging	Anti-inflammatory	Quévrain et al., 2015
Exopolysaccharides	B. breve	Classic	Immunomodulation	Fanning et al., 2012
	B. lactis*	Classic	Immunomodulation	Hidalgo-Cantabrana et al., 2014
Unmethylated CpG DNA	Bifidobacterium sp.	Classic	Induces Th1 response	Ménard et al., 2010
Teichoic/Lipoteichoic acids	L. plantarum	Classic	Anti-inflammatory	Grangette et al., 2005
Butyrate	R. hominis F. prausnitzii A. muciniphila	Emerging	Anti-inflammatory	Maslowski et al., 2009

^*Synonym of B. animalis subsp. lactis.