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. 2015 Nov 18;9:74. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2015.00074

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Copyright © 2015 Caspari, Baumann, Garcia-Pino and Koch.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) are larger and the excitatory inputs are stronger in vVNLL neurons. (A1) Representative EPSC traces of ventrolateral (left) and ventromedial (right) VNLL neurons. Responses were evoked by increasing stimulation strength. One strong input was found in most ventrolateral neurons, whereas medial neurons showed multiple inputs. All traces represent the average of at least three consecutive recordings to the same stimulus strength. (A2) EPSC amplitude as a function of stimulus number recorded from ventrolateral and ventromedial vVNLL neurons shown in (A1). (B1) Representative EPSC traces of dVNLL neurons. Responses were evoked with increasing stimulation strength. This neuron shows seven distinct current steps. Note the considerably smaller maximal amplitude compared to ventrolateral VNLL neurons. All traces represent the average of at least three consecutive recordings to the same stimulus strength. (B2) EPSC amplitude as a function of stimulus number recorded from the dVNLL neuron shown in (B1). (C) Number of EPSC steps evoked by increasing stimulation strength in vVNLL and dVNLL neurons. Ventrolateral VNLL neurons generally receive one, maximally two excitatory inputs whereas ventromedial and dVNLL neurons receive one to seven inputs. vVNLL: lateral n = 8, medial n = 8; dVNLL n = 7. (D) Maximal EPSC amplitude is significantly larger in ventrolateral vVNLL neurons. vVNLL: lateral n = 8, medial n = 8; dVNLL n = 7. (E) Rise time and tau decay time were measured in vVNLL and dVNLL neurons applying a minimal stimulation paradigm. Ventrolateral neurons are significantly faster than dVNLL neurons. vVNLL: lateral: n = 9; medial: n = 8; dVNLL: n = 14. Statistical significance was determined by a single-factor ANOVA test followed by a Scheffé’s post hoc test; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Data are obtained from 21 C57/Bl6J mice. (F) Confocal images depicting VGlut1, calretinin (CR) and MAP-2 immunofluorescence in the lateral vVNLL (F1), the medial vVNLL (F2) and the dVNLL (F3). Note a VGluT1 and Calretinin positive ring only found around lateral vVNLL neurons (F1: long arrow) whereas punctate VGluT1 staining in the neuropil is widely distributed along the VNLL (F1–F3). Scale bar: 10 μm.