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. 2014 Oct 2;5(10):e1443. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2014.395

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Copyright © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited

Cell Death and Disease is an open-access journal published by Nature Publishing Group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Local/regional mesenchymal transition detected in GBM patient material. (a) Immunohistochemical staining for pSMAD2, ZEB1 and YKL40 in consecutive sections detects overlapping expression patterns of pSMAD2, ZEB1 and YKL40 in perivascular areas in GBM patient tissue. (b) Model illustrating TGF-β-induced mesenchymal transition in GBM that is mediated by pSMAD2 and ZEB1. TGF-β may be produced by tumor cells, microglia or other stromal cells leading to a local induction of mesenchymal properties in GBM. This contributes to heterogeneity in GBM subtype