Table 3.

Differences between sustainable intensification and historically conventional forms of agricultural intensification

	Conventional forms of agricultural intensification	Sustainable intensification
Primary goals of farmers	Increase crop and livestock yields	Improve yields and incomes, improve natural capital in on- and off-farm landscapes, build knowledge and social capital.
Knowledge development	Tends to be solely ‘expert’ driven	Collaborations between ‘experts’ and other stakeholders as key to emergence of agroecological design; participatory research and development leads to new technologies and practices.
Knowledge dissemination	Conventional extension chain from public or private research to farmers	Conventional extension combined with participatory dissemination via peer-to-peer learning.
Stewardship of ecosystem services	Emphasis on provisioning services derived from agricultural landscapes; use of external inputs to substitute for regulating and supporting services; interactions with surrounding non-agricultural landscapes treated as externalities	Greater appreciation of the contribution of multiple ecosystem services provided by agricultural landscapes and awareness of the two-way relationship between agricultural and non-agricultural components of landscapes.