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. 2015 Nov 7;282(1818):20152068. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2068

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© 2015 The Author(s)

Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

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Figure 2. — Simultaneous trait evolution when (a–b) the VT efficacy ξ is fixed, and (c–d) the VT efficacy ξ and HT rate λ are linked via the trade-off (2.5). The grey and black curves represent evolutionary singularities (λ* as a function of q and q* as a function of λ, respectively) once the parasite is allowed to kill the infected males. The evolutionary attracting HT rate in the absence of MK (q = 0) is represented by the open circle. The filled circle then represents the coevolutionary singularity (CoES) of the HT rate and MK efficacy The solid arrows in the bottom left corners show the decrease in the HT rate (from λ* to ) following coevolution of λ and q. Legend: solid dark grey, attractor ; dashed dark grey, branching point ; light grey, repellor ; solid black, attracting lower or upper bound; dashed black, branching point Parameters: (a) ξ = 0.8, h = 1, (b) ξ = 0.68, h = 0.52, (c) z = 0.75, h = 1 and (d) z = 0.7, h = 1. Common parameters: a₁ = 1, a₂ = 0.5, c = 3 and μ = b = 0.1.

Inline graphic — Simultaneous trait evolution when (a–b) the VT efficacy ξ is fixed, and (c–d) the VT efficacy ξ and HT rate λ are linked via the trade-off (2.5). The grey and black curves represent evolutionary singularities (λ* as a function of q and q* as a function of λ, respectively) once the parasite is allowed to kill the infected males. The evolutionary attracting HT rate in the absence of MK (q = 0) is represented by the open circle. The filled circle then represents the coevolutionary singularity (CoES) of the HT rate and MK efficacy The solid arrows in the bottom left corners show the decrease in the HT rate (from λ* to ) following coevolution of λ and q. Legend: solid dark grey, attractor ; dashed dark grey, branching point ; light grey, repellor ; solid black, attracting lower or upper bound; dashed black, branching point Parameters: (a) ξ = 0.8, h = 1, (b) ξ = 0.68, h = 0.52, (c) z = 0.75, h = 1 and (d) z = 0.7, h = 1. Common parameters: a₁ = 1, a₂ = 0.5, c = 3 and μ = b = 0.1.