Table 3.
Characteristics of 1267a healthcare professionals (HCPs) who endorsed patient participation in medication error (ME) reporting, Uganda, 2013
| Factor | Patient participation in ME reporting | Crude analysis | Adjusted analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (%) | No (%) | OR | 95 % CI | P value | OR | 95 % CI | P value | |
| Level of health facility | ||||||||
| Other | 281 (61.5) | 176 (38.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Hospital | 538 (66.4) | 272 (33.6) | 1.2 | 0.98–1.57 | 0.078 | 1.2 | 0.90–1.71 | 0.181 |
| Type of health facility | ||||||||
| Public | 353 (64.4) | 195 (35.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Private not-for-profit | 177 (65.8) | 92 (34.2) | 1.1 | 0.78–1.44 | 0.697 | 1.2 | 0.84–1.62 | 0.367 |
| Private for-profit | 289 (64.2) | 161 (35.8) | 1.0 | 0.76–1.29 | 0.949 | 1.3 | 0.95–1.87 | 0.095 |
| Region of the country | ||||||||
| Central | 410 (68.6) | 188 (31.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Eastern | 234 (59.9) | 157 (40.1) | 0.7 | 0.52–0.89 | 0.005 | 0.7 | 0.51–0.96 | 0.027 |
| Other | 175 (63.0) | 103 (37.0) | 0.8 | 0.58–1.05 | 0.101 | 0.8 | 0.60–1.15 | 0.268 |
| Professional cadre | ||||||||
| Nurse | 463 (63.5) | 266 (36.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Non-nurse | 356 (66.2) | 182 (33.8) | 1.1 | 0.89–1.42 | 0.328 | 1.0 | 0.73–1.25 | 0.747 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| Less than 30 | 354 (62.5) | 212 (37.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 30 or more | 465 (66.3) | 236 (33.7) | 1.2 | 0.94–1.49 | 0.161 | 1.2 | 0.91–1.50 | 0.227 |
| Department | ||||||||
| Medicine | 393 (64.0) | 221 (36.0) | 1.0 | |||||
| Surgery | 64 (68.8) | 29 (31.2) | 1.2 | 0.78–1.98 | 0.366 | 1.1 | 0.67–1.90 | 0.606 |
| Pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology | 129 (65.2) | 69 (34.8) | 1.1 | 0.75–1.47 | 0.770 | 1.0 | 0.69–1.42 | 0.942 |
| Other | 233 (64.4) | 129 (35.6) | 1.0 | 0.77–1.33 | 0.910 | 1.0 | 0.72–1.28 | 0.777 |
| Patient load | ||||||||
| More than 30/day | 362 (64.8) | 197 (35.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| At most 30/day | 457 (64.6) | 251 (35.4) | 1.0 | 0.79–1.25 | 0.938 | 1.0 | 0.79–1.31 | 0.877 |
| Involved in medical research | ||||||||
| No | 574 (64.4) | 318 (35.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 245 (65.3) | 130 (34.7) | 1.0 | 0.81–1.34 | 0.738 | 1.0 | 0.74–1.26 | 0.782 |
| Ever encountered fatal ADR | ||||||||
| No | 643 (63.7) | 367 (36.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 176 (68.5) | 81 (31.5) | 1.2 | 0.93–1.66 | 0.150 | 1.1 | 0.78–1.48 | 0.647 |
| Knows to whom to report ADRs | ||||||||
| No | 400 (64.5) | 220 (35.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 419 (64.8) | 228 (35.2) | 1.0 | 0.80–1.27 | 0.928 | 1.1 | 0.83–1.37 | 0.607 |
| Suggested ways to improve ADR reporting | ||||||||
| No | 191 (61.0) | 122 (39.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 628 (65.8) | 326 (34.2) | 1.2 | 0.95–1.60 | 0.123 | 1.1 | 0.85–1.50 | 0.391 |
| I would only report an ADR if I was sure that it was related to the use of a particular drug | ||||||||
| Other | 312 (65.1) | 167 (34.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 507 (64.3) | 281 (35.7) | 1.0 | 0.76–1.23 | 0.774 | 1.0 | 0.75–1.23 | 0.747 |
| I do not know how information reported in an ADR form is used | ||||||||
| Other | 457 (65.0) | 246 (35.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 362 (64.2) | 202 (35.8) | 1.0 | 0.77–1.22 | 0.761 | 0.9 | 0.71–1.20 | 0.449 |
| Root-cause analysis of MEs | ||||||||
| Other | 100 (52.6) | 90 (47.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 719 (66.8) | 358 (33.2) | 1.8 | 1.32–2.47 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.11–2.18 | 0.011 |
| There is a lack of time for reporting MEs | ||||||||
| No | 600 (62.6) | 358 (37.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 219 (70.9) | 90 (29.1) | 1.5 | 1.10–1.92 | 0.009 | 1.5 | 1.12–2.00 | 0.007 |
| Need for organizational leadership and support in reporting MEs | ||||||||
| Other | 123 (53.3) | 108 (46.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 696 (67.2) | 340 (32.8) | 1.8 | 1.35–2.40 | <0.001 | 1.4 | 1.02–1.97 | 0.038 |
| Personal details of the person who made a ME are to be reported | ||||||||
| Other | 548 (62.1) | 334 (37.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 271 (70.4) | 114 (29.6) | 1.4 | 1.12–1.87 | 0.005 | 1.4 | 1.03–1.78 | 0.033 |
| System should report both actual and potential MEs | ||||||||
| Other | 222 (56.4) | 172 (43.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 597 (68.4) | 276 (31.6) | 1.7 | 1.31–2.14 | <0.001 | 1.4 | 1.10–1.88 | 0.008 |
| I have made MEs that could harm patients | ||||||||
| Other | 667 (63.5) | 384 (36.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 152 (70.4) | 64 (29.6) | 1.4 | 0.99–1.88 | 0.054 | 1.3 | 0.94–1.84 | 0.107 |
| Important issues are not well communicated at shift changes | ||||||||
| Other | 517 (62.8) | 306 (37.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 302 (68.0) | 142 (32.0) | 1.3 | 0.99–1.61 | 0.065 | 1.4 | 1.10–1.87 | 0.009 |
| I should be financially rewarded for reporting MEs | ||||||||
| Other | 623 (65.9) | 322 (34.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 196 (60.9) | 126 (39.1) | 0.8 | 0.62–1.04 | 0.102 | 0.7 | 0.55–0.96 | 0.025 |
ADR adverse drug reaction
aThe missing-assigned approach (missing data assigned to the “no” category) was used to account for missing data prior to commencing the model fitting procedures