Table 4.
Characteristics of 1310a healthcare professional (HCPs) who disclosed that they had ever committed potentially harmful medication errors (MEs), Uganda, 2013
| Factor | Ever made MEs with potential to harm patients | Crude analysis | Adjusted analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agree (%) | Other (%) | OR | 95 % CI | P value | OR | 95 % CI | P value | |
| Level of health facility | ||||||||
| Other | 90 (18.4) | 400 (81.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Hospital | 145 (17.7) | 675 (82.3) | 1.0 | 0.71–1.28 | 0.755 | 0.7 | 0.48–1.08 | 0.109 |
| Type of health facility | ||||||||
| Public | 115 (20.7) | 442 (79.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Private not-for-profit | 42 (15.4) | 230 (84.6) | 0.7 | 0.48–1.03 | 0.073 | 0.8 | 0.51–1.18 | 0.235 |
| Private for-profit | 78 (16.2) | 403 (83.8) | 0.7 | 0.54–1.02 | 0.068 | 0.8 | 0.51–1.17 | 0.218 |
| Region of the country | ||||||||
| Central | 117 (19.6) | 481 (80.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Eastern | 66 (16.2) | 342 (83.8) | 0.8 | 0.57–1.11 | 0.172 | 1.0 | 0.69–1.56 | 0.866 |
| Other | 52 (17.1) | 252 (82.9) | 0.8 | 0.59–1.22 | 0.371 | 1.0 | 0.66–1.50 | 0.979 |
| Professional cadre | ||||||||
| Nurse | 124 (16.2) | 644 (83.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Non-nurse | 111 (20.5) | 431 (79.5) | 1.3 | 1.01–1.78 | 0.044 | 1.1 | 0.76–1.47 | 0.750 |
| Age, years | ||||||||
| Less than 30 | 108 (18.7) | 469 (81.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 30 or more | 127 (17.3) | 606 (82.7) | 0.9 | 0.69–1.21 | 0.515 | 0.8 | 0.62–1.14 | 0.277 |
| Department | ||||||||
| Medicine | 123 (19.3) | 516 (80.7) | 1.0 | |||||
| Surgery | 19 (18.6) | 83 (81.4) | 1.0 | 0.56–1.64 | 0.882 | 0.9 | 0.53–1.70 | 0.859 |
| Pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology | 34 (17.1) | 165 (82.9) | 0.9 | 0.57–1.31 | 0.495 | 0.9 | 0.59–1.48 | 0.778 |
| Other | 59 (16.0) | 311 (84.0) | 0.8 | 0.57–1.12 | 0.189 | 0.8 | 0.59–1.23 | 0.386 |
| Patient load | ||||||||
| More than 30/day | 112 (19.0) | 477 (81.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| At most 30/day | 123 (17.1) | 598 (82.9) | 0.9 | 0.66–1.16 | 0.359 | 0.9 | 0.65–1.20 | 0.421 |
| Involved in medical research | ||||||||
| No | 153 (16.5) | 773 (83.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 82 (21.4) | 302 (78.6) | 1.4 | 1.02–1.85 | 0.039 | 1.2 | 0.88–1.68 | 0.231 |
| Ever encountered fatal ADR | ||||||||
| No | 172 (16.4) | 879 (83.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 63 (24.3) | 196 (75.7) | 1.6 | 1.18–2.28 | 0.003 | 1.6 | 1.10–2.28 | 0.014 |
| Knows to whom to report ADRs | ||||||||
| No | 136 (20.8) | 519 (79.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 99 (15.1) | 556 (84.9) | 0.7 | 0.51–0.90 | 0.008 | 0.8 | 0.55–1.03 | 0.074 |
| Suggested ways to improve ADR reporting | ||||||||
| No | 53 (16.1) | 276 (83.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 182 (18.6) | 799 (81.4) | 1.2 | 0.85–1.66 | 0.318 | 1.3 | 0.88–1.80 | 0.206 |
| I would only report an ADR if I was sure that it was related to the use of a particular drug | ||||||||
| Other | 110 (22.2) | 385 (77.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 125 (15.3) | 690 (84.7) | 0.6 | 0.48–0.84 | 0.002 | 0.6 | 0.47–0.87 | 0.004 |
| I do not know how information reported in an ADR form is used | ||||||||
| Other | 125 (17.1) | 605 (82.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 110 (19.0) | 470 (81.0) | 1.1 | 0.85–1.50 | 0.388 | 1.1 | 0.81–1.48 | 0.556 |
| Root-cause analysis of MEs | ||||||||
| Other | 41 (20.5) | 159 (79.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 194 (17.5) | 916 (82.5) | 0.8 | 0.56–1.20 | 0.306 | 0.8 | 0.54–1.25 | 0.353 |
| There is a lack of time for reporting MEs | ||||||||
| Other | 165 (16.9) | 814 (83.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 70 (21.2) | 261 (78.8) | 1.3 | 0.97–1.81 | 0.079 | 1.2 | 0.89–1.72 | 0.214 |
| There is a culture of blame within healthcare | ||||||||
| Other | 79 (15.3) | 438 (84.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 156 (19.7) | 637 (80.3) | 1.4 | 1.01–1.83 | 0.043 | 1.2 | 0.87–1.66 | 0.269 |
| There is a need for organizational leadership and support in reporting MEs | ||||||||
| Other | 42 (17.0) | 205 (83.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 193 (18.2) | 870 (81.8) | 1.1 | 0.75–1.56 | 0.671 | 1.1 | 0.72–1.71 | 0.637 |
| System should report both actual and potential MEs | ||||||||
| Other | 91 (22.0) | 322 (78.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 144 (16.1) | 753 (83.9) | 0.7 | 0.50–0.91 | 0.009 | 0.6 | 0.44–0.85 | 0.003 |
| I am more likely to make MEs in tense or hostile situations | ||||||||
| Other | 105 (13.1) | 694 (86.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 130 (25.4) | 381 (74.6) | 2.3 | 1.69–3.00 | <0.001 | 2.0 | 1.47–2.77 | <0.001 |
| Important issues are well communicated at shift changes | ||||||||
| Other | 97 (21.5) | 354 (78.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 138 (16.1) | 721 (83.9) | 0.7 | 0.52–0.93 | 0.015 | 0.8 | 0.56–1.05 | 0.096 |
| I may hesitate to use a reporting system for MEs because I am concerned about being identified | ||||||||
| Other | 130 (14.8) | 748 (85.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 105 (24.3) | 327 (75.7) | 1.8 | 1.39–2.46 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.14–2.14 | 0.005 |
| I should be financially rewarded for reporting MEs | ||||||||
| Other | 166 (17.1) | 803 (82.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Agree | 69 (20.2) | 272 (79.8) | 1.2 | 0.90–1.68 | 0.199 | 1.3 | 0.92–1.80 | 0.137 |
ADR adverse drug reaction
aThe missing-assigned approach (missing data assigned to the “no” category) was used to account for missing data prior to commencing the model fitting procedures