Table 2.
Evidence strength and dosage suggestions divided according to population within ICF components
| Grade | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICF | Population | Citation | Pertinent results | Oxford level | Evidence quality | Recommendation | Traffic light | Suggested dosage |
| Range of motion | SCI | Ben [33] | 4° increase ankle ROM | 2 | Moderate | Strong | Green - GO | 30 mins 5 × wk |
| Bohannon [34] | 8° increase ankle ROM | 4 | ||||||
| Dunn [38] | Increased ability to straighten legs | 5 | ||||||
| Walter [22] | Increased ability to straighten legs | 5 | ||||||
| Other - MS | Baker [32] | SS increase hip and ankle ROM | 3 | Low | Weak + | Yellow- Measure | 30 mins daily | |
| Stroke | Robinson [53] | Maintained ankle ROM | 2 | High | Strong | Green - GO | 30 mins 5 × wk | |
| TBI/ABI | Richardson [52] | Decreased ankle contracture | 4 | Unclear | Weak + | Yellow-Measure | 30 mins 5 × wk | |
| Singer [55] | Eliminated ankle contracture | 4 | ||||||
| Activity (Balance, mobility, transfers, ADL) | Stroke | Allison [30] | SS difference Berg Balance Scale (p < 0.05) | 2 | Low to Moderate | Strong | Green – GO | 30 mins 5 × wk |
| Kim [58] | SS improvement in functional abilities and lower limb movement (p < 0.01) | 2 | ||||||
| Lee [47] | SS increased standing steadiness (p < 0.02) | 2 | ||||||
| Wong [56] | SS increased postural symmetry (p < 0.003) | 2 | ||||||
| Matjacic [48] | Increased weightbearing on affected limb | 5 | ||||||
| Other - Mixed | Netz et al. 2007 [50] | SS improved reach and ability to stand and walk. | 4 | High | Weak + | Yellow- MEASURE | 30 mins 3–5 × wk | |
| SCI | Bohannon [35] | Improved transfers | 5 | Low | Weak + | Yellow - Measure | 30 mins 5 × wk | |
| Dunn [38] | 68 % report improved ADL. Independence | 5 | ||||||
| Eng [22] | 16/38 improved self-care | 5 | ||||||
| Bone mineral density | SCI | Alekna [29] | SS greater BMD | 3 | Low to moderate | Weak + | Yellow- Measure | 60 mins daily |
| deBruin [37] | Little or no bone loss versus controls | 3 | ||||||
| Goemaere [42] | Better-preserved femoral shaft and L3 BMD | 4 | ||||||
| Goktepe [43] | Slight tendency to higher t-scores | 4 | ||||||
| Strength | SCI | Edwards [39] | SS increased EMG activity | 4 | Low | Weak + | Yellow-Measure | 30 mins, 4–5 × wk |
| Other - Mixed | Netz [50] | SS increased strength | 4 | High | Weak + | Yellow-Measure | 30 mins 3–5 × wk | |
| Spasticity | Other - MS | Baker [32] | Downward trend for Ashworth scores (knee flex/ankle DF), reduction in spasms | 2 | Moderate | Weak + | Yellow-Measure | 60 mins 2 × wk |
| SCI | Adams [28] | Decreased extensor spasms | 2 | Low | Weak + | Yellow-Measure | 30 mins 5 × wk | |
| Odeen [51] | SS reduced resistance to passive movement | 4 | ||||||
| Bohannon [35] | Decreased spasms | 5 | ||||||
| Eng [20] | 9/38 reduced muscle spasms | 5 | ||||||
| Shields [54] | Decreased spasms | 5 | ||||||
| Dunn [38] | 42 % report decreased spasticity | 5 | ||||||
| Walter [22] | Spasticity decreased | 5 | ||||||
| Skin | SCI | Cotie [36] | Decreased temperature at 2/6 sites and decreased reactivity | 2 | Low to Moderate | Weak + | Yellow - Measure | 30 mins 5 × wk |
| Dunn [38] | 17 % report decreased bed sores | 5 | ||||||
| Eng [20] | 14/38 increased skin integrity | 5 | ||||||
| Walter [22] | Bed sores decreased | 5 | ||||||
| Cardio-respiratory | Stroke | Kuznetsov [46] | 52 % static standing orthostatic hypotension | 2 | Low | Weak - | Yellow - Measure | 20–30 mins daily |
| ABI | Taveggio | Static standing worsened orthostatic hypotension in 3 out of 4 | 2 | Low | Weak - | Yellow - Measure | 30 mins 3 × wk | |
| SCI | Edwards [39] | SS increased HR | 4 | Very low | Weak + | Yellow - Measure | 30 mins 5 × wk | |
| Eng [20] | 16/38 decreased swelling in legs and feet | 5 | ||||||
| Mental | SCI/MS SCI | Kunkel [45] | 67 % ‘felt better’ | 4 | Very low | Weak + | Yellow - Measure | 60 mins 4–6 × wk |
| Dunn [38] | 69 % increased QOL | 5 | ||||||
| Eng [20] | 33/38 increased well-being | 5 | ||||||
| Walter [22] | QOL increased | 5 | ||||||
| Pain | TBI | Richardson [52] | Time standing before experiencing pain increased | 4 | Very low | Weak + | Yellow - Measure | 30 mins, 3–6 × wk |
| SCI | Dunn [38] | Report decreased leg or back pain | 5 | Very low | Weak + | Yellow - Measure | 30 mins 5 × wk | |
| Eng [20] | 12/38 decreased pain | 5 | ||||||
| Bowel | Other - Mixed | Netz [50] | SS improvement in sphincter control | 4 | High | Weak + | Yellow - Measure | 30 mins, 3–5 × wk |
| SCI | Kwok | 8/17 reported improved bowel function -no difference on objective measures | 2 | Very low | Weak + | Yellow-Measure | 30 mins 5 × wk | |
| Hoenig [44] | SS increased frequency and decreased bowel care time | 5 | ||||||
| Dunn [38] | 23 % increase regularity | 5 | ||||||
| Eng [20] | 20/38 improved bowel function | 5 | ||||||
| Shields [54] | Improved bowel function | 5 | ||||||
| Walter [22] | Improved regularity | 5 | ||||||
| Urinary | SCI | Eng [20] | 20/38 improved bladder function | 5 | Very low | Weak + | Yellow - Measure | 30 mins 5 × wk |
| Dunn [38] | 21 % report decreased infections and increased ability to empty bladder | 5 | ||||||
| Walter [22] | Infections decreased and ability to empty bladder increased | 5 | ||||||