Figure 3.

Effects of spermidine on ONI-induced activation of the ASK1 signaling pathway in the retina. (a) Effects of spermidine on activation of the ASK1-p38 pathway in whole retinas at 4 h after ONI. (b) Quantitative analyses of ONI-induced activation of ASK1 and p38 in whole retinas in a. (c) Immunohistochemical analyses of ONI-induced p38 phosphorylation (red) and NeuN expression (green) in the retina. Overlapping immunoreactivities (yellow) indicate p38 phosphorylation in RGCs. Scale bar: 200 and 100 μm in the upper and immediately lower panels, respectively. (d) Immunohistochemical analyses of ONI-induced retinal p38 phosphorylation with or without spermidine treatment. Scale bar: 200 and 100 μm in the upper and immediately lower panels, respectively. (e) Quantitative analyses of d. Data are normalized to the phospho-p38 intensity at the GCL in normal mice. The data are presented as means±S.E.M. of six samples for each experiment. *P<0.05, **P<0.01