Table 3.

Recruitment methods by PLCO screening center^*

Mode of invitation	UCD	GU	PHRI	HFH	UMN	WU	UPCI	UU	MCRF	UAB
(1) Direct mail
Patient registration from health care system	++			+++					++
Health plan members			++					+
Department of Motor Vehicles	++	+	+++	+++	+++		+++		+++	+++
HCFA - CMS		+	+		+
Commercial mailing lists	+++	+++	+++	+		+++		+++
Magazine subscriber lists		+				+++
Voters’ registration			++				+++			+++
Professional societies		+	+	+	+					+
AARP	−	+	++		++	+
Credit card companies				+
American Cancer Society					+
Other organizations					+
(2) Community outreach
Health fair	+ **	−	++			+	+		−	+
Health system	++**			+			−
Church-based	++**		+	++**		+			+	+++
Utility bills	−
Union newsletters			+
‘Invite a friend Flyers,’ other referrals from PLCO participants	++	+	+	+	+	+	+			+
Enrollment seminars	++**		+	++**			+++	+++		+++
(3) Mass media
Newspapers	−	+	+++			+	+	+	+	+
TV	−	−	++			+	+	+		+
Radio	−	−	++			+	+	+	+	+

^*“+,” “++,” and “+++” depict the degree to which the method was used, with “+++” indicating a tool that was extensively used. “−” indicates that the method was tried but abandoned due to lack of success or other issues. Screening center abbreviations are defined in Table 1;

^**Used for minority recruitment only