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Effect of PMA on the bidirectional transport of digoxin across Caco-2 cell monolayers. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp; mean±SD, n=3) and efflux ratio (ER) of digoxin in combination with PMA, 4α-PMA, and verapamil (VER) at the indicated concentrations in the apical-to-basolateral (AP-BL) and basolateral-to-apical (BL-AP) direction across a Caco-2 cell monolayer. bP<0.05, cP<0.01 vs untreated control.
