Table 2. Results of the non-metric and linear metric comparisons.
| H. habilis | H. erg. | Dmanisi | eJ H. erectus (Lower, Upper) c | MP East Asia | H. sapiens | H. floresiensis (status) d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-metric comparisons of individual teeth (frequency and ratio) a | ||||||||
| 1 | C1 distal shoulder low | 1/1 | − | − | 2/2** | 1/1 | *3/109 | 1/1 (EP-MP) |
| (vs. high) | 3% | |||||||
| 2 | P3 transverse crest present | 5/11** | 1/5 | 0/1 | 3/9** (2/5, 1/4) | 1/8 | **6/283 | 1/1 (EP) |
| 45% | 20% | 33% | 13% | 2% | ||||
| 3 | P4 transverse crest present | 3/10** | 2/3** | 1/2* | 4/8** (1/4, 3/4) | 1/8 | **5/279 | 1/1 (EP) |
| 30% | 50% | 13% | 2% | |||||
| 4 | P3 buccal groove(s) present | 12/12** | **1/5 | 0/1 | 6/9 (4/5, 2/4) | **2/6 | **139/245 | 0/1 (post-Hh) |
| 100% | 20% | 67% | 33% | 57% | ||||
| 6 | P4 lingual crown MD extensive | 8/8** | 1/2 | 2/2* | 4/4** (2/2, 2/2) | *2/6 | **33/198 | 1/1 (EP) |
| 100% | 100% | 33% | 17% | |||||
| 7 | P3 lingual cusp posi. mesially | 9/9 | *3/6 | 1/2 | 3/3 (2/2, 1/1) | 8/9 | 163/197 | 0/3 (post-Hh) |
| (vs. distally) | 100% | 50% | 89% | 83% | ||||
| 9 | P3 mesiolingual crown | 0/9 | 0/6 | 0/2 | 0/4 (0/3, 0/1) | 0/9 | 0/214 | 3/3 (unique) |
| beveled and wrinkled | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |||
| 11 | P4 transverse crest present | 0/7 | *5/7** | 0/2 | *4/6* (3/4, 1/2) | **5/6** | 40/220 | 2/2 (post-Hh) |
| 0% | 71% | 67% | 83% | 18% | ||||
| 14 | P3 buccal basal enamel | 1/6* | 0/5 | 1/3?* | 1/3* (1/3, −) | 1/7* | *0/207 | 1/3 (EP-MP) |
| thickened (cingulum) | 17% | 0% | 14% | 0% | ||||
| 15 | P3 root bifurcated | 4/13** | 2/5* | 1/1 | 3/6** (3/6, −) | 0/7 | **26/599 e | 2/3 (EP) |
| (vs. fused or single) | 31% | 40% | 50% | 0% | 4% | |||
| 17 | M1 four-cusped | 0/13 | 0/10 | 0/2 | 0/9 (0/7, 0/2) | 0/14 | 9/268 | 2/2 (Hs) |
| (vs. five-cusped) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 3% | |||
| 18 | M2 four-cusped | 0/9** | 0/8** | 0/2 | 0/15** (0/12, 0/3 f ) | 0/12** | **163/279 | 2/2 (Hs) |
| (vs. five-cusped) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 58% | |||
| 19 | M1 mid-trigonid crest present | 0/7 | 1/9 | 2/2 | 4/9** (3/6, 1/3) | 1/9 | 7/176 | 1/1 |
| 0% | 11% | 44% | 11% | 4% | ||||
| Metric comparisons of dentition as a whole (minimum / maximum, and sample size in the lower rows) b | ||||||||
| 21 | Relative P3 size (%) | 24 / 26 | 26 / 28 | 26 / 27 | (26, −) | 26 / 28 | 22 / 27 | 30 (unique) |
| N = 5 | N = 3 | N = 2 | N = 1, − | N = 3 | N = 188 | N = 2 | ||
| 22 | Molar size % increase: M1→M2 | +5 / +20 | −2 / +11 | −2 / +8 | (+4 / +9, +4 / +7) | −2 / +4 | −15 / +5 | 0 / +1 (post-Hh) |
| N = 7 | N = 6 | N = 3 | N = 3, 2 | N = 6 | N = 250 | N = 2 | ||
| 23 | Alv. arcade index (Lth/Bth, %) | 117 / 156 | 98 | 123 | (107 / 108, −) | 88 | − | 103 / 105 (eJHe) |
| N = 5 | N = 1 | N = 2 | N = 2, − | N = 1 | − | N = 2 | ||
aObserved frequencies and percent ratios (for those samples with N ≥ 4) as well as the results of the Fisher’s exact tests for the non-metric comparisons (nos. 1−20). The asterisk(s) to the right of each frequency indicates significant difference from the H. sapiens sample, and that on the left significant differences from the H. habilis sample (*: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01).
bThe minimum and maximum values, and sample sizes (in the lower rows) are shown for the metric comparisons (nos. 21−23).
cFrequencies for the Sangiran Lower and Upper subsamples in the parentheses.
dMorphological status of H. floresiensis in the parentheses: ‘EP’, a primitive condition shared with the Afro-Asian Early Pleistocene Homo; ‘EP-MP’, a primitive condition shared with the Afro-Asian Early Pleistocene Homo and the East Asian Middle-Late Pleistocene archaic Homo; ‘post-Hh’, a condition derived from H. habilis; ‘Hs’, a derived condition shared with H. sapiens; ‘eJHe’, a condition most similar to early Javanese H. erectus; ‘unique’, a unique condition restricted to H. floresiensis.
eSample studied by Shields [73].
fZanolli [35] recently suggested the presence of 4-cusped M2s in this group.