Table 4.

Economic Outcomes of Household Heads with Migrant and Nonmigrant Sons, 1865

	All households		Households with matched sons
Dependent variables	Mean	Coefficient on migrant HH	Mean	Coefficient on migrant HH
Panel A. Urban
Occ. > median	0.593	−0.001 (0.022)	0.583	−0.030 (0.042)
Occupational income	428.27	−27.501 (10.216)	440.47	−26.555 (20.798)
Assets	0.260	−0.030 (0.018)	0.252	−0.058 (0.035)
N		4,038		1,074
Panel B. Rural
Occ. > median	0.608	0.008 (0.014)	0.577	−0.054 (0.032)
Occupational income	321.21	6.092 (3.847)	315.30	−9.077 (9.072)
Assets	0.665	−0.032 (0.012)	0.613	−0.035 (0.028)
Match tax records	0.130	−0.037 (0.009)	0.134	−0.040 (0.021)
Property tax bill N = 1,410; 300	2.759	−0.372 (0.307)	2.821	0.044 (0.887)
N		12,177		2,499

Notes: Results for Match 1. The left-hand panel includes all households while the right-hand panel considers only households in which all sons can be matched to 1900. In each panel, sample means are reported in Column 1 and the coefficient and standard error from a regression of each dependent variable on an indicator for being the head of a migrant household is reported in Column 2. Regressions also control for a quadratic in head’s age and a series of province dummies. We assign income levels to household heads using mean Norwegian earnings by occupation in 1900. Above-median occupations are those earning more than US$(1900)311 (urban) and US$(1900)393 (rural) per year. Assets is an indicator variable equal to 1 for men who own a business, own land, or are master craftsmen in an artisanal workshop. Tax records refers to the 1886 Land Registers. For fathers who match to the tax records, we report the value of the property tax bill in 1900 US dollars. The data is provided in speciedalers and marks. In 1875, one speciedaler was equal to four Norwegian kroner. The number of households that can be matched to the property tax records is reported below that variable.