. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Nov 18.

Published in final edited form as: Soc Serv Rev. 2000 Jun 1;74(2):231–252. doi: 10.1086/514478

Table A1.

Summary of Investigations of the Effects of Positive and Negative Social Interaction on Psychological Well-Being

Author(s)	Terms	Sample N	Model	Method	Dependent Variable	Results	Corre- lation
Abbey, Abramis, and Caplan 1985	Social support, social conflict	56 (college students; convenient)	Additive effects, moderator	Correlations	Emotional well-being	Positive and emotional well-being (+)	Yes
						Negative and emotional well-being (−)
						Positive × negative (significant)
						Negative, more potent
Beach et al. 1993	Social support, interpersonal stress	349 (married adults; community)	Additive effects	Regression	Depression	Positive and depression (−)	…
						Negative and depression (+)
						Negative, more potent
Brenner, Norvell, and Limacher 1989	Supportive social inter- actions, problematic social interactions	101 (medical students; convenient)	Additive effects	Regression	Life satisfaction	Positive and satisfaction (+)	No
						Negative and satisfaction (−)
						Negative, more potent
Davis and Rhodes 1994	Supportive interactions, problematic inter-actions	71 (teen moms; convenient; 100% black)	Additive effects	Hierarchial multiple regression	Psychological symptomotology	Negative and distress (+)	…
						Positive and distress (N.S.)
						Negative, more potent
Davis, Rhodes, and Hamilton-Leaks 1997	Supportive interactions, problematic inter-actions	53 (teen moms; convenient; 100% black)	Additive effects, moderator	Hierarchical multiple regression	Depression	Positive and depression (−)	…
						Negative and depression (N.S.)
						Positive × negative (significant)
						Negative, more potent
Elder et al. 1995	Positive relations, negative relations	429 families (inner-city; community; 66% black)	Additive effects, moderator	Structural equation modeling	Depressed affect	Positive × stress (significant)	…
Elder et al. 1995	Positive relations, negative relations	429 families (inner-city; community; 66% black)	Additive effects, moderator	Structural equation modeling	Depressed affect	Negative × stress (significant)	…
Finch et al. 1989	Positive social ties, negative social ties	246 (elderly; convenient)	Additive effects	Structural equation modeling	Psychological well-being, psychological distress	Positive and psychological well-being (N.S.)	No
						Negative and psychological well-being (−)
						Positive and distress (N.S.)
						Negative and distress (−)
						Negative, more potent
Fiore, Becker, and Coppel 1983	Network helpfulness, network upset	44 (caregivers; convenient)	Additive effects	Stepwise multiple regression	Depression	Positive and depression (N.S.)	No
						Negative and depression (+)
						Negative, more potent
Gant et al. 1993	Social support, social undermining	285 (social workers; national probability; 100% black)	Additive effects	Multiple regression	Depression, anxiety, somatic complaints, emotional exhaustion	Positive and depression (−)	Yes
						Negative and depression (+)
						Positive and complaints (−)
						Negative and anxiety (+)
						Negative, more potent
Gant and Ostrow 1995	Social support, social conflict	33 (Men with HIV; convenient; 50% black)	Additive effects	Spearman correlations	Depression, mood, loneliness	Positive and mental health (+)	Yes
Gant and Ostrow 1995	Social support, social conflict	33 (Men with HIV; convenient; 50% black)	Additive effects	Spearman correlations	Depression, mood, loneliness	Negative and mental health (−)	Yes
Horwitz, McLaughlin, and White 1998	Supportive relationships, problematic relationships	458 (married; young adults; community; 90% white)	Additive effects	Multiple regression	Depression	Positive and depression (−)	Yes
						Negative and depression (+)
						Negative, more potent
Ingersoll-Dayton, Morgan, and Antonucci 1997	Positive social inter-actions, negative social interactions	178 (middle-aged and older adults; national probability; 89% white)	Domain-specific	Structural equation modeling	Psychological well-being	Positive and positive well-being (+)	No
						Negative and negative well-being (+)
						Equal effects
Kiecolt-Glaser, Dyer, and Shuttleworth 1988	Network helpfulness, network upset	68 (caregivers; convenient; white)	Additive effects	MANOVA, hierarchical multiple regression	Depression	Positive and depression (N.S.)	No
						Negative and depression (+)
						Negative, more potent
Lakey, Tardiff, and Drew 1994	Social support, negative social interaction	101 (college students; convenient)	Additive effects	Correlations	Psychological distress, positive affectivity	Negative and distress (+)	…
Lakey, Tardiff, and Drew 1994	Social support, negative social interaction	101 (college students; convenient)	Additive effects	Correlations	Psychological distress, positive affectivity	Equal effects	…
Lepore 1992	Social support, social conflict	228 (college students; room-mates; convenient; 4% black)	Additive effects, cross-domain buffering	Correlations, regression	Psychological distress	Positive and distress (+)	Yes
						Negative and distress (−)
						Positive × negative (significant)
						Equal effects
Okun and Keith 1998	Positive social inter-actions, negative social interactions	1,201 (younger and older adults; national probability)	Additive effects, buffering	Multiple regression	Depression	Positive and depression (−)	Yes
						Negative and depression (+)
						Positive × negative (significant)
						Positive, more potent
Pagel, Erdly, and Becker 1987	Network helpfulness, network upset	68 (37–85 years old; caregivers; convenient)	Additive effects, moderator	Hierarchical multiple regression	Depression	Positive and depression (N.S.)	…
						Negative and depression (+)
						Positive × negative (significant)
						Negative, more potent
Rauktis, Koeske, and Tereshko 1995	Positive social inter-actions, negative social interactions	106 (caregivers; convenient; 98% white)	Additive effects, moderator	Mixed model/chunkwise regression, moderated multiple regression	Distress, depression	Positive and distress (N.S.)	…
						Negative and distress (−)
						Negative and depression (−)
						Positive × stress (N.S.)
						Negative × stress (significant)
						Negative, more potent
Ray 1992	Positive social support, negative social support	207 (patients with chronic fatigue syndrome)	Additive effects	Correlations	Depression, anxiety	Positive and anxiety (−)	Yes
						Negative and anxiety (+)
						Negative and depression (+)
						Negative, more potent
Revenson et al. 1991	Positive support, problematic support	101 (arthritis patients; convenient; 14% black)	Additive effects, stress- buffering	Correlations, hierarchial multiple regression	Depression	Positive and depression (−)	No
						Negative and depression (+)
						Positive × negative (significant)
						Positive × stress (N.S.)
						Negative × stress (N.S.)
						Equal effects
Rhodes, Ebert, and Meyers 1994	Supportive interactions, problematic interactions	129 (single mothers; convenient; 100% black)	Additive effects, moderator	Hierarchial multiple regression	Psychological distress	Positive and distress (N.S.)	Yes
						Negative and distress (−)
						Negative × stress (significant)
						Negative, more potent
Rook 1984	Supportive social ties, problematic social ties	115 (elderly widows; convenient; 97% white)	Additive effects	Multiple regression	Psychological well-being	Negative and psychological well-being (−)	No
						Positive and psychological well-being (N.S.)
						Negative, more potent
Ruehlman and Wolchik 1988	Social support, social hindrance	229 (undergrads; convenient)	Additive effects	Hierarchical multiple regression	Psychological distress, psychological well-being	Positive and distress (N.S.)	No
						Negative and distress (+)
						Negative, more potent
Schuster, Kessler, and Aseltine 1990	Supportive interaction, negative interaction	1,755 (married couples; nonblack; community)	Additive effects	Multiple regression	Depression	Positive and distress (−)	Yes
						Negative and distress (+)
						Negative, more potent
Siegel, Raveis, and Karus 1994	Positive network inter-actions, negative network interactions	83 (gay men; convenient; 11% black)	Additive effects; stress- buffering	Hierarchical regression	Depression	Positive and depression (−)	…
						Negative and depression (+)
						Positive × stress (N.S.)
						Negative × stress (significant)
						Equal effects
Stephens et al. 1987	Wanted/needed inter-actions, unwanted/unneeded inter-actions	48 (simple random; convenient; 12.5% black)	Additive effects	Multiple regression	Psychiatric symptoms; morale	Positive and morale (N.S.)	No
						Negative and morale (−)
						Positive and symptoms (N.S.)
						Negative and symptoms (+)
						Negative, more potent
Vinokur, Price, and Caplan 1996	Social support, social undermining	1,630 (unemployed adults and spouse/partner; community; 21.5% black)	Additive effects	Structural equation modeling	Depression	Positive and depression (−)	Yes
						Negative and depression (+)
						Effects equal
Vinokur and van Ryn 1993	Social support, social undermining	1,087 (unemployed adults; community; 15% black)	Additive effects	Structural equation modeling	Depression, anxiety	Negative and anxiety (+)	Yes
						Negative and depression (+)
						Negative, more potent

NOTE.—Information in the “Sample” column describes characteristics of the sample. Various study designs were used: “convenient” describes samples taken from a convenience sample questionnaire; “community,” samples taken from community-based studies; and “national probablity,” samples taken from national probability surveys. The “Results” column provides information regarding the relationship between social interactions and well-being. The symbols in parentheses indicate whether the relationship between a given social interaction and well-being is positive (+) or negative (−). N.S. = not significant.