Table 1. Characteristics of included studies that evaluated the associations of AMD and risk of stroke.
| Study | Year | N | Race | Mean age (yr) | Female (%) | Time period (yr) | AMD | Multivariate analyses | Stroke Assessment | Type of study | AMD assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voutilainen-Kaunisto et al [30] | 2000 | 277 | C | 55 | 66 | 10 | Not specified | Not reported | Review of medical records | Prospective | Fundus Photography |
| Alexander et al [15] | 2007 | 62,179 | C | 75 | 59 | 2 | Only neovascular | Comorbidities by select Charlson-Deyo categories, HLD and HTN | Claim data | Retrospective | Claim data |
| Nguyen-Koa et al [18] | 2008 | 27,411 | - | 75 | 59.4 | 3.4 | Only neovascular | Angina, cardiac arrhythmia, Charlson score, congestive heart failure, diabetes, heart disease, history of acute MI, history of CVA, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and other cerebrovascular disease. | Claim data | Retrospective | Claim data |
| Liao et al [31] | 2008 | 1,303,186 | C | 75 | 60 | 2 | Neovascular and non-neovascular | Age group, gender, race, hypertension, and diabetes | Claim data | Retrospective | Claim data |
| Sun et al [17] | 2009 | 2228 | C, AA | 79.9 | 64.7 | 6 | Early and Late | Age, sex, ethnicity, SBP and DBP, HTN, fasting glucose, diabetes, TGA, smoking, LDL, CRP | Adjudicated after physician review of medical records | Prospective | Fundus Photography |
| Hu et al [32] | 2010 | 1,254 | A | 62.7 | 39.7 | 5 | Neovascular | Age, sex, HTN, DM, CHD, HLD, renal disease, income, urbanization lavel, and geographic region. | Claim data | Retrospective | Claim data |
| Wieberdink et al [33] | 2011 | 6,207 | C | 67.6 | 59.6 | 13.6 | Neovascular and non-neovascular | Age and sex, diabetes, SBP, antihypertensive medication, smoking, cholesterol, HDL, carotid artery plaques, BMI, alcohol intake and CRP | Self-reported verified with medical records by neurologists | Prospective | Fundus Photography |
| Ikram et al [34] | 2012 | 12,216 | C, AA | 59.9 | 55.8 | 13 | Early and Late | Age, sex, race, field, center, mean BP, antihypertensive medications, fasting glucose, cholesterol, HDL, TGA, BMI, atrial fibrillation, white blood cell count, smoking, and alcohol consumption | Self-reported verify against discharge list | Prospective | Fundus Photography |
| Fernandez et al [35] | 2012 | 6,233 | C, AA, A | 62 | 52.4 | 5.4 | Early and Late | Race, HTN, smoking, site, CRP, education, DM, BMI, cholesterol, LDL | Adjudicated by after neurologist review of medical record | Prospective | Fundus Photography |
Abbreviations: C = Caucasian; AA = African American; A = Asian; MI = Myocardial infarction; CVA = Cerebrovascular accident; SBP = Systolic blood pressure; DBP = Diastolic blood pressure; HTN = Hypertension; TGA = Transient global amnesia; LDL = Low-density lipoprotein; CRP = C-reactive protein; DM = Diabetes mellitus; CHD = Coronary heart disease; HLD = Hyperlipidemia; HDL = High-density lipoprotein; BMI = Body mass index.