Figure 4.

Results of ordinal logistic regression models identifying the effect of medical student involvement in emergency department care in causing decreased patient satisfaction scores.

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ESI, emergency severity index

^*Using a univariate ordinal logistic regression model clustered by attending.

^†Using a partial proportional odds ordinal logistic regression model clustered by attending physician and controlling for: medical student involvement, age, race, department, resident involvement, ESI at triage, primary payer, arrival shift, season of visit, length of stay, ≥1 x-ray obtained, ≥1 computed tomography obtained, and ≥1 laboratory study obtained.

^ŦViolations accounted for in the partial proportional odds models.