Table 3.
Ninety-day complication rate
| Complication | Group; no. (%) | p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| RAPD (n = 12) | HLAPD (n = 16) | ||
| Clavien I–II† | 4 (33) | 4 (25.0) | 0.63 |
| Intra-abdominal abscess | 0 | 1 (6.3) | — |
| Wound infection | 1 (8.3) | 0 | — |
| Delayed gastric emptying | 2 (16.7) | 2 (12.5) | — |
| Pneumonia | 0 | 0 | — |
| Hypotension | 0 | 1 (6.3) | — |
| Wound dehiscence | 1 (8.3) | 0 | — |
| Clavien III–IV‡ | 3 (25) | 4 (25.0) | 0.07 |
| Intra-abdominal abscess | 2 (16.7) | 2 (12.5) | — |
| Anastomotic breakdown | 0 | 1 (6.3) | — |
| Portal vein thrombosis | 0 | 0 | — |
| Postoperative hemorrhage | 0 | 0 | — |
| Peritonitis/colon perforation | 1 (8.3) | 0 | — |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 0 | 0 | — |
| Bowel ischemia | 0 | 1 (6.3) | — |
| Pancreatic fistula | 4 (33.0) | 5 (31.3) | 0.12 |
| Grade A | 1 (8.3) | 3 (18.8) | — |
| Grade B | 3 (25.0) | 2 (12.5) | — |
HLAPD = hybrid laparoscopy-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy; RAPD = robotic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy.
*
Calculated using the χ2 test.
†
Not necessitating radiological, endoscopic or operative intervention and not causing organ failure
‡
Necessitating radiological, endoscopic or operative intervention and/or causing organ failure.