Table 1.
List of localities in Nepal sampled for freshwater snails from 2007 to 2014. The number of snails in parentheses indicates the number of Indoplanorbis exustus positive for Schistosoma indicum group schistosomes. The identifications for the schistosomes provided are derived from the phylogenetic analyses that follow (see Fig. 3), and the designation “Schistosoma sp.” reflects the genetic distinctiveness of these worms from the few available specimens of S. indicum in GenBank. We were unable to obtain sequence data from three of our samples and these are referred to as “unidentified” in the table.
| Locations | Number of snails examined | Co-ordinates | Number of Indoplanorbis collected | Species identity and W numbera |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Amreni, Tanahu | 65 | N 27°59′15.9″, E 84°16′58.2 ″ | 65 | - |
| 2. Baghmara Community forest, Chitwan | 219 | N 27°35′22.0 ″, E 84°28′52.4 ″ | 156 | - |
| 3. Baruwa, Tamasariya-9, Nawalparasi | 93 | N 27°34′54.51 ″, E 84°01′17.41 ″ | 51 (1) | Schistosoma sp. (W379) |
| 4. Begnas Lake, Kaski | 43 | N 28°09′58.00 ″, E 84°05′34.50 ″ | 14 | - |
| 5. Budhi Rapti River near Elephant Breeding Center, Chitwan | 844 | N 27°34′57.8 ″, E 84°27′56.6 ″ | 104 (2) | 2 Schistosoma spindale (W525, W546) |
| 6. Chisapani Village, Godar-2/3, Dhanusa | 153 | N 26°55′51.5 ″, E 86°08′45.8 ″ | 1 | - |
| 7. Chitwan National Park, Chitwan | 95 | N 27°33′15.8 ″, E 84°21′19.7 ″ | 59 | - |
| 8. Chitwan National Park, Chitwan | 147 | N 27°33′22.6 ″, E 84°29′5.40 ″ | 22 (1) | Schistosoma sp. (W532) |
| 9. Chitwan National Park, Chitwan | 51 | N 27°32′43.1 ″, E 84°30′08.1 ″ | 29 | - |
| 10. Chitwan National Park, Chitwan | 162 | N 27°33′59.3 ″, E 84°30′14.9 ″ | 49 | - |
| 11. Chitwan National Park, Chitwan | 422 | N 27°33′37.5 ″, E 84°29′24.5 ″ | 231 (2) | 2 Schistosoma sp. (W463, W528) |
| 12. Chitwan National Park, Chitwan | 359 | N 27°33′37.0 ″, E 84°30′09.1 ″ | 244 | - |
| 13. Dhad Khola, Tulsi Chauda-2/3, Dhanusa | 390 | N 27°00′57.75 ″, E 85°55′27.00 ″ | 14 | - |
| 14. Dhalkebar near Basai bridge, Dhanusa | 75 | N 26°55′39.0 ″, E 85°57′58.2 ″ | - | - |
| 15. Dhumre river, Kumrose, Chitwan | 1,753 | N 27°34′34.11 ″, E 84°31′02.21 ″ | 658 (1) | Schistosoma nasale (W545) |
| 16. Fish Pond in Panchakanya Community Forest | 339 | N 27°39′28.1 ″, E 84°29′18.7 ″ | 27 | - |
| 17. Ghansikuwa, Tanahu | 183 | N 28°00′33.4 ″, E 84°08′04.6 ″ | 15 | - |
| 18. Jagdishpur reservoir, Niglihawa VDC, Kapilvastu | 802 | N 27°36′59.67 ″ E 83°05′49.36 ″ | 24 | - |
| 19. Jamunapur, jutpani-5, Chitwan | 417 | N 27°39′42.48 ″, E 84°30′57.43 ″ | 218 | - |
| 20. Jankauli, Bachhauli-7, Chitwan | 419 | N 27°34′29.28 ″, E 84°30′48.64 ″ | 248 (1) | S. spindale (W378) |
| 21. Khageri river, Near Panchakanya Community Forest | 837 | N 27°39′34.9 ″, E 84°29′00.2 ″ | 411 | - |
| 22. Kuchkuche Community forest, Kathar, Chitwan | 183 | N 27°34′26.85 ″, E 84°36′28.88 ″ | 48 (1) | Schistosoma sp. (W557) |
| 23. Kuchkuche Community forest, near Rapti dam Kathar, Chitwan | 340 | N 27°34′02.28 ″, E 84°37′16.55 ″ | 154 (1) | S. spindale (W558) |
| 24. Kudauli, Pithauli-7, Nawalparasi | 155 | N 27°39′12.21 ″, E 84°10′24.70 ″ | 101 | - |
| 25. Kumaraura, Dhanusa | 135 | N 26°46′36.76 ″, E 85°56′05.50 ″ | 49 (1) | S. nasale (W439) |
| 26. Kumrose, Chitwan | 337 | N 27°34′03.42 ″, E 84°32′22.87 ″ | 28 | - |
| 27. Nawalpur, Hetauda, Makwanpur | 325 | N 27°25′55.06 ″, E 89°58′57.02 ″ | 66 | - |
| 28. Phewa Lake, Pokhara | 59 | N 28°12′31.27, E 83°57′19.42 ″ | 5 | - |
| 29. Pragatinagar-2, Nawalparasi | 63 | N 27°40′04.72 ″, E 84°11′03.59 ″ | 63 | - |
| 30. Ramaidaiya Bhawadi village, Dhanusa | 26 | N 26°49′26.31 ″, E 85°57′05.80 ″ | - | - |
| 31. Rapti river, Ghailari, Jagatpur-1 | 27 | N 27°33′25.03 ″, E 84°20′02.48 ″ | 21 | -- |
| 32. Rapti river, Sauraha, Chitwan | 296 | N 27°34′52.24 ″, E 84°28′56.12 ″ | 106 | - |
| 33. Rato river, Gauribash, west of Tulsi Chauda village, Dhanusa | 181 | N 27°01′43.56 ″, E 85°55′21.30 ″ | 1 | - |
| 34. Rice fields in Chisapani Village, Godar-2/3, Dhanusa | 257 | N 26°56′26.09, E 86°08′51.19 ″ | 21 | - |
| 35. Shishuwar bagar, Bachhauli-3, Chitwan | 3,023 | N 27°35′31.76 ″, E 84°30′00.31′ ′ | 1,321 (11) | 6 Schistosoma sp. (W380, W381, W383, W531, W534, W541), 2 S. spindale (W535, W556), 3 unidentified (W384, W385, W533) |
| 36. Small canal in Sauraha, Chitwan | 373 | N 27°34′59.55 ″, E 84°29′39.44′ ′ | 170 | - |
| 37. Tikauli marshy land, Ratnanagar- 7, Chitwan | 95 | N 27°37′12.66 ″, E 84°28′13.87 ″ | 5 | - |
| 38. Tikauli, Ratnanagar-7, Chitwan | 4, 674 | N 27°37′45.52 ″, E 84°29′21.57 ″ | 1,890 (12) | 6 Schistosoma sp. (W517, W518, W519, W550, W798, W799); 3 S. spindale (W464, W538, W804); 3 S. nasale (W542, W549, W551) |
| 39. Tulsi Chauda village, Dhanusa | 357 | N 27°00′50.37 ″, E 85°55′31.80 ″ | 6 | - |
| 40. Twenty thousand lake, Chitwan | 586 | N 27°36′54.0 ″, E 84°26′19.9 ″ | 564 | - |
a
W number indicates schistosome cercariae sample number; the cercariae of different sample numbers come from different individual Indoplanorbis exustus snails