. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Jun 5;172(11):1092–1100. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15010126

TABLE 1.

Hazard Ratio for First Diagnosis of Schizophrenia in Fertile Swedish Women as a Function of Level of Smoking and Buffer Period From Smoking Assessment to First Possible Diagnosis

		Hazard Ratio

		Crude		Adjusted for Socioeconomic Status^a		Adjusted for Socioeconomic Status and Prior Drug Abuse^a

Buffer Period	Predictor Variable	Estimate	95% CI	Estimate	95% CI	Estimate	95% CI
0 years	1–9 cigarettes/day versus none	2.21	1.90, 2.56	2.16	1.79, 2.60	1.92	1.59, 2.33
	10 cigarettes/day versus none	3.45	2.95, 4.03	3.35	2.74, 4.09	2.77	2.34, 3.43
	Neighborhood deprivation (mid versus low)			1.87	1.43, 2.43	1.84	1.41, 2.39
	Neighborhood deprivation (high versus low)			2.00	2.56, 3.96	2.81	2.12, 3.73
	Low parental education			1.53	1.31, 1.79	1.56	1.34, 1.83
	Drug abuse					5.14	3.97, 6.65
1 year	1–9 cigarettes/day versus none	1.89	1.76, 2.04	2.19	1.81, 2.65	1.95	1.61, 2.37
	10 cigarettes/day versus none	3.58	3.09, 4.15	3.27	2.75, 4.12	2.78	2.24, 3.46
	Neighborhood deprivation (mid versus low)			1.82	1.40, 2.37	1.80	1.38, 1.34
	Neighborhood deprivation (high versus low)			2.90	2.19, 3.84	2.72	2.05, 3.61
	Low parental education			1.49	1.27, 1.74	1.52	1.30, 1.78
	Drug abuse					5.20	4.01, 6.75
3 years	1–9 cigarettes/day versus none	2.26	1.93, 2.63	2.22	1.82, 2.70	1.95	1.60, 2.39
	10 cigarettes/day versus none	3.43	2.91, 4.04	3.39	2.75, 4.19	2.77	2.21, 3.47
	Neighborhood deprivation (mid versus low)			1.78	1.35, 2.34	1.75	1.33, 2.30
	Neighborhood deprivation (high versus low)			2.83	2.11, 3.78	2.64	1.97, 3.55
	Low parental education			1.44	1.22, 1.79	1.47	1.25, 1.74
	Drug abuse					5.57	4.28, 7.28
5 years	1–9 cigarettes/day versus none	2.14	1.82, 2.53	2.13	1.72, 2.64	1.86	1.50, 2.31
	10 cigarettes/day versus none	3.38	2.85, 4.01	3.38	2.70, 4.22	2.71	2.13, 3.45
	Neighborhood deprivation (mid versus low)			1.88	1.40, 2.54	1.85	1.37, 2.49
	Neighborhood deprivation (high versus low)			2.92	2.13, 4.02	2.72	1.97, 3.75
	Low parental education			1.45	1.22, 1.73	1.49	1.25, 1.77
	Drug abuse					6.09	4.62, 8.05

Adjustment included both family socioeconomic status (as assessed by low parental education) and community socioeconomic status (as assessed by neighborhood deprivation). Adjustment for drug abuse is based on registration for drug abuse in any of several registries (see the online data supplement).