| Adinoff et al. [30] |
22 relapsed CDs, 18 early-remission CDs and 20 CTLs |
Cross correlation analysis (CCA) with L pHp as the seed |
The relapsed CDs had greater rsFC between pHp and PCC/precuneus than early remission CDs. The rsFC between pHp and PCC predicted relapse with 75% accuracy at 30, 60, and 90 days following treatment.
|
| Camchong et al. [25] |
27 CDs and 24 CTLs |
CCA with subgenua, caudal, dorsal, rostral, perigenual ACC as seeds |
CDs had greater rsFC between perigenual ACC and DLPFC, MTG, and SFG than CTLs. In CDs, FC between perigenual ACC and DLPFC as significantly positively correlated with reversal learning score.
|
| Cisler et al. [74] |
41 CDs and 19 CTLs |
In dependent component analysis (ICA) & CCA with R ventral anterior insula, R mid-insula as seeds |
|
| Contreras-Rodriguez et al. [22] |
20 CDs, 19 PGs, and 21 CTLs |
Global connectivity analysis & CCA with OFC, L and R caudate, amygdala, thalamus as the seeds |
CDs had greater global connectivity in OFC, caudate, thalamus and amygdala than PGs. CDs had greater rsFC between the OFC and subgenual ACC and between caudate and lateral PFC than PGs. CDs and PGs had greater rsFC between the OFC and the dorsomedial PFC and striatum, and between the amygdala and insula than CTLs. In CDs, rsFC between OFC and subgenual ACC was correlated with impulsivity and greater severity of peak cocaine was associated with greater rsFC between caudate and thalamus, between amygdala and insula, and lower rsFC between amygdala and cerebellum.
|
| Gu et al. [26] |
39 cocaine users (34 current CDs, 4 current cocaine abusers, 1 current recreational user) and 39 CTLs |
CCA with NAC, amygdala, hippocampus, medial dorsal thalamus, and rostral ACC as seeds |
CDs had lower rsFC between VTA and a region encompassing thalamus/lentiform nucleus/NAC, between amygdala and medial PFC, and between hippocampus and dorsal medial PFC. In CDs, the strength of the functional connectivity between VTA and thalamus/lentiform nucleus/NAC was negatively correlated with years of cocaine use.
|
| Hu et al. [23] |
56 cocaine users (53 CDs and 3 cocaine abusers) and 56 CTLs |
CCA with VSi, VSs, DC, VRP, DRP, DCP as seeds |
Cocaine users had lower rsFC between VSi seed dorsal part of ACC and the superior temporal gyrus. Lower rsFC between the VSs seed and dorsal ACC and ventral striatum. Greater rsFC between DC seed and LR DLPFC. Lower rsFC between VRP and a large portion of L putamen, and between VRP and occipital cortex. Lower rsFC between DRP and dorsal ACC, and between DRP and LR insula. Lower rsFC between DCP and MCC, and between DCP and L putamen. In the cocaine users, greater striatal-dorsal lateral PFC connectivity strength was positively correlated with the greater amount of recent cocaine use and elevated trait impulsivity. The difference of rsFC between striatal-anterior prefrontal/OFC (GO) and striatal-dorsal ACC (STOP) circuits was significantly positively associated with loss of control over cocaine use
|
| Kelly et al. [75] |
25 CDs and 24 CTLs |
CCA with L and R IFS as seeds |
CDs had lower rsFC between R IFS seed and L lateral PFC and premotor cortex. Lower rsFC between L IFS and R PPC and intra parietal sulcus. In CDs, rsFC within the dorsal attention network was associated with self-reported attentional lapses.
|
| Konova et al. [32] |
18 cocaine users (17 CDs and 1 cocaine abusers) and 16 CTLs |
CCA with L and R VTA, NAC, amygdala, hippocampus, MDN of thalamus, rostral ACC as seeds |
CDs had greater rsFC between R NAC and L putamen/globus pallidus. Short-term MPH administration reduced above abnormally strong rsFC. Lower rsFC between R NAC and L putamen/globus pallidus during placebo administration was associated with less severe addiction. Short-term MPH strengthened several corticolimbic and corticocortical rsFC.
|
| Konova et al. [27] |
19 cocaine users (18 CDs and 1 cocaine abuser) and 15 CTLs |
Functional connectivity density (FCD) |
Cocaine users had greater short-range and long-range FCD in the ventromedial PFC, posterior cingulate/precuneus, and putamen/amygdala, which in areas of DMN correlated with years of use. MPH decreased short-range FCD in the thalamus/putamen, and long-range FCD in SMA and postcentral gyrus.
|
| Li et al. [76] |
33 PCE adolescents and 23 CTL adolescents |
ICA & CCA with PCC as seed |
PCE group had greater rsFC in DMN, including medial PFC, parahippocampal gyrus, anterior and posterior cingulate regions, and lateral parietal areas, than CTLs.
|
| Liang et al. [43] |
47 CDs and 47 CTLs |
Modular analysis |
CDs had lower inter-module connectivity between DMN and SN. CDs had lower average connectivity between the rostral ACC and SN, between rostral ACC and MTL, between the posterior cingulate and ECN, and between LR insula and DMN. In CDs, intra-module connectivity within SN was negatively correlated with alexithymia, a personality trait previously associated with addiction.
|
| McHugh et al. [77] |
45 CDs and 22 CTLs |
CCA with L and R caudate, putamen, NAC as seeds |
CDs had lower rsFC between LR putamen and posterior insula and R postcentral gyrus than CTLs. CDs had higher impulsivity (BIS-11a) scores than CTLs, which was partially mediated by the lower putamen-posterior insula rsFC in CDs.
|
| McHugh et al. [29] |
24 relapsed CDs, 21 non-relapse CDs, and 22 CTLs |
CCA with L and R BLA, CMA as seeds |
Relapsed CDs had lower rsFC between the L CMA and ventromedial PFC/rostral ACC than non-relapse CDs. Non-relapse CDs had lower rsFC between LR BLA and visual processing regions (lingual gyrus/cuneus) than CTLs and relapsed CDs.
|
| Ray et al. [28] |
20 CDs and 17 CTLs |
ICA & CCA with 61 ROIs |
CDs had greater rsFC within sensory motor cortex and L frontal-parietal network than CTLs. CDs had greater inter-network rsFC between frontal-temporal and frontal-parietal brain regions, and lower rsFC between parietal-parietal, occipital-limbic, occipital-occipital, and occipital-parietal brain regions. In CDs, intra-network connectivity strength of sensory motor cortex was negatively correlated with years of cocaine use; inter-network connectivity strength between occipital-limbic brain regions was positively correlated with years of cocaine use, and connectivity strength within occipital brain regions was negatively related to cocaine use frequency and money spent on cocaine per week in abstinent CDs.
|
| Salzwedel et al. [78] |
33 PCE infants, 40 NCOC infants and 46 CTLs |
CCA with insula, amygdala, L and R visual cortices as seeds |
Common drug exposure-related rsFC disruptions were within the amygdala–frontal, insula–frontal, and insula–sensorimotor circuits. PCE infants had greater rsFC in a subregion of the amygdala–frontal network than infants with NCOC and CTLs.
|
| Schweitzer et al. [79] |
27 PDE adolescents (with intrauterine exposure to cocaine and/or heroin) and 20 CTLs |
Graph theory |
The PDE group had lower global efficiency than the CTLs and a trend level reduction in local efficiency. The network node corresponding to MFG group by task interaction showed reduced nodal efficiency and fewer direct connections to other nodes in the network.
|
| Verdejo-Garcia et al. [80] |
10 CDs and 14 CTLs |
CCA with ACC, PAG, insula as seeds |
|
| Wang et al. [40] |
20 poly drug users (the primary diagnosis was cocaine dependence) and 19 CTLs |
Graph theory using 90 ROIs |
Among the assessed 90 ROIs, the drug users had stronger functional connectivity than the CTLs. After controlling functional connectivity difference and the resultant network density, the drug users showed lower communication efficiency and reduced small-worldness than CTLs.
|
| Wisner et al. [24] |
33 CDs and 32 CTLs |
ICA |
The inter-network connectivity between an ICN involving the anterior insula and ACC, and an ICN involving the striatum, was significantly weaker in CDs relative to CTLs. In CDs, lower inter-network connectivity was significantly related to greater non-planning impulsivity.
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