FIG 5.

Epinephrine or norepinephrine increases the motility of V. cholerae in soft agar with serum-SAPI (ACS). Diameters of growth zones of the V. cholerae reference strain and its variant lacking the pomA and pomB genes were determined after 24 h. The top panel shows typical motility rings under the indicated conditions. In the lower panel, the averages and standard errors from six experiments are presented. P values were calculated using Student's t test (*, P ≤ 0.012). Black bars, control without addition; E, 0.1 mM epinephrine; NE, 0.1 mM norepinephrine; Phe, 0.35 mM phentolamine. V. cholerae ΔpomAB lacks the flagellar stator components PomAB and serves as an indicator for colony size in the absence of swimming motility. WT, wild type.