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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nanomedicine. 2015 Aug 15;11(8):1925–1938. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.07.012

Figure 1. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by Taxol®, Abraxane® and Cremophor-EL in human whole blood.

Figure 1

Whole blood derived from 6 healthy donor volunteers was left untreated or treated with designated agents for 20 h. The LPS (20 ng/mL) was used as the positive control (PC) and culture media was used as the negative control (NC). Culture supernatants were analyzed by ELISA for the presence of IL-8 (A, C), IL-1β, and TNF-α. Each bar represents the mean value of the duplicate sample obtained from individual donor (N=2, %CV < 20%). Reference to the individual donor (#1 through #6) is provided in the box shown on the right (B). Concentrations of Cremophor-EL in samples treated only with this vehicle were equivalent to those in Taxol® at respective concentrations of paclitaxel. These concentrations are referred to as μM of paclitaxel equivalent. Samples from each individual donor were analyzed in duplicate (N=2, %CV<20); each bar shows the mean response of 6 donors. Blood from the same donors as in (A) was used to generate this data. (C) Shown is the data obtained from one donor and analyzed in duplicate (N=2, %CV< 20); similar results were obtained from two other donors (Supplementary Figures 1B and 1C).