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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Nov 19.
Published in final edited form as: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015 Jul 16;119(10):1233–1242. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00374.2015

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Role of left ventricular hypertrophy in heart failure. Based on (89), heart failure with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced (HFrEF) ejection fraction are driven by different pathomechanisms (blue and red arrows). While both share some degree of neurohumoral activation (middle), the proposed paradigm suggests systemic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress are more prominent mediators of HFpEF whereas cardiomyocyte injury is pivotal in HFrEF. Downstream signaling activates some protective (green circular arrow) but overwhelmingly maladaptive (red circular arrows) pathways (5). Left ventricular hypertrophic remodeling is common but not inevitable (thin arrows), however, the cellular phenotype differs in HFpEF vs HFrEF. See text for more details.