Table 2.

Patients and periodontal disease in three groups

	Group 1: Patients without diabetes and periodontitis	Group 2: Patients with periodontitis alone	Group 3: Patients with both periodontitis and diabetes
Patient number	14	15	7
Age	58 ± 11	56 ± 11	63 ± 6
Gender (male/female)	11/3	10/5	7/0
Race and ethnicity
Caucasians/African Americans (nonhispanic)	6.0 (12/2)	2.8 (11/4)	0.17(1/6) *
Smoking status (smokers/nonsmokers)	0.4 (4/10) +	1.5 (9/6)	2.5 (5/2)
HbA1c (%)	5.81 ± 0.55	5.60 ± 0.56	8.19 ± 1.24 *
PD (mm)	2.45 ± 0.86 +	4.20 ± 2.00	4.80 ± 2.32
AL (mm)	2.48 ± 0.89 +	5.03 ± 2.48	5.24 ± 2.39

The data are mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 vs group 1 or group 2; +p < 0.05 vs group 2 or group 3. PD Probing depth, AL Attachment level