Table 1.

Model of planning in a two-dimensional maze task proposed by Fragaszy et al. (2003).

Level	Planning activity
0	Absence of planning; movements of the cursor are guided only by encounters with barriers (either the wall or the end of an alley)
1	Bodily planning: moving the hand in such a way as to make the cursor move in a specific direction (i.e., along a straight line or through a turn), but selections at each choice point are made randomly
2	One-element planning: making decisions at each choice point on the basis of one property (e.g., directness to the goal); monitoring the outcome one choice at a time (Encompasses “planful” and “forward search” strategies)
3	Integrated planning: deciding at each choice point on the basis of two (integrated or prioritized) properties (e.g., path continuation first, and goal directedness second)
4	Sequential integrated planning: implementing a sequence of choices devised in advance and based upon two or more integrated or prioritized properties (e.g., planning backward from the end point to the start point, and subsequently making these choices in the forward direction)