Table S4.

Similarity in the wording of negative vs. objective citations within a section, and of negative citations in different sections

X	Y	Type of comparison	Mean cosine similarity	SD cosine similarity	No. of pairs
Introduction	(Random sample)	Negative vs. objective	0.070	0.038	7,072,500
Materials and Methods	(Full sample)	Negative vs. objective	0.060	0.041	2,180,768
Other	(Full sample)	Negative vs. objective	0.066	0.038	327,120
Results and Discussion	(Random sample)	Negative vs. objective	0.072	0.040	53,448,904
Introduction	Materials and Methods	Negative vs. negative	0.084	0.042	18,837
Introduction	Other	Negative vs. negative	0.086	0.039	47,502
Introduction	Results and Discussion	Negative vs. negative	0.090	0.041	6,536,439
Materials and Methods	Introduction	Negative vs. negative	0.084	0.042	18,860
Materials and Methods	Other	Negative vs. negative	0.083	0.043	1,334
Materials and Methods	Results and Discussion	Negative vs. negative	0.093	0.048	183,563
Other	Introduction	Negative vs. negative	0.086	0.039	47,560
Other	Materials and Methods	Negative vs. negative	0.083	0.043	1,334
Other	Results and Discussion	Negative vs. negative	0.090	0.042	462,898
Results and Discussion	Introduction	Negative vs. negative	0.090	0.041	6,542,780
Results and Discussion	Materials and Methods	Negative vs. negative	0.093	0.048	183,517
Results and Discussion	Other	Negative vs. negative	0.090	0.042	462,782