TABLE 1.
Examples of commonalities in prejudice and mental health disorders concepts.
| Commonality | Prejudice | Mental health disorders |
|---|---|---|
| Cognition (C) | ||
| 1. Distorted thinking (Cox et al., 2012) | Intergroup bias (Hewstone et al., 2002) | Cognitive bias in depression (Beck, 2008) |
| Behavior (B) | ||
| 2a. Stress | Primary appraisal: intergroup stress, e.g., anxiety, physiological threat (Blascovich et al., 2001; Stephan and Stephan, 1985) | Transactional model of stress and coping (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) |
| 2b. Coping (Trawalter et al., 2009) | Antagonism, avoidance, freezing, and positive engagement | Attack, avoid, inactivity, and positive actions |
| Affect (A) | ||
| 3. Anxiety (Birtel and Crisp, 2012b) | Intergroup anxiety leading to contact avoidance or negative behavior toward outgroup (Stephan and Stephan, 1985; Pettigrew and Tropp, 2008) | Pathological anxiety leading to phobic stimulus avoidance or negative behavior toward self (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2013) |
| 4. Comorbidity | Deprejudice: comorbid prejudice and depression (Cox et al., 2012) | Comorbid anxiety disorder and depression (Clark and Watson, 1991; Hirschfeld, 2001) |
| Key mediator anxiety: comorbid prejudice and anxiety (Stephan and Stephan, 1985; Pettigrew and Tropp, 2008) | ||
| 5. Special link between mental imagery and anxiety | Improves attitudes, intentions, self-efficacy and behavior within and outside intergroup context (Crisp et al., 2011) | Key role in developing, maintaining and treating anxiety disorders (Holmes and Mathews, 2005) |
| 6. Mental imagery based intervention | Imagined contact (Crisp and Turner, 2012) | Depression: cognitive bias modification intervention (Lang et al., 2012) |
| Exposure therapy approach of imagined contact (Birtel and Crisp, 2012b) | Anxiety disorder: exposure therapy (Foa et al., 1991) |