Table 8.
A list of clinical observations supporting the existence of ICD in cancer patients.
| ICD inducer | Standard-of-care therapy or regularly applied palliative therapy in clinic? | ICD-related characteristics regulating clinical patient prognosis or treatment-responsiveness |
|---|---|---|
| Anthracyclines | Yes | P2RX7 loss-of-function mutation that compromises ICD also negatively affects MFS in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant anthracyclines (36); breast cancer patients possessing a wild-type TLR4 benefited more from the anthracyclines than those who possessed a mutated TLR4 that compromises ICD (70); an MX1-centered Type I IFN signature in anthracycline-treated breast cancer patients predicts for improved disease outcome (141); combined positivity for cytoplasmic LC3B+ puncta and nuclear HMGB1 is a positive predictor of improved survival following adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy (225) |
| High hydrostatic pressure | No; but HHP-based anticancer DC vaccines are currently being applied in clinical trials against prostate cancer and ovarian cancer (155) | No data are available |
| Hypericin-based PDT | No; but few clinical trials have been carried out for non-melanoma skin cancer (226), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (227), mesothelioma (228), and basal or squamous cell carcinoma (229) | No data are available |
| Oncolytic adenoviruses | No; but oncolytic adenoviruses are currently being applied in various clinical trials in cancer patients | Serum HMGB1 levels and the temporal change in their levels during treatment was identified as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in cancer patients (230) |
| Oxaliplatin | Yes | Similar to anthracyclines, cancer patients possessing wild-type TLR4 exhibited prolonged PFS and OS in comparison to patients bearing the loss-of-function allele of TLR4 (197) |
| Paclitaxel | Yes | High tumoral CALR levels in paclitaxel-treated ovarian cancer patients associated with prolonged OS/PFS as well as increased expression levels of various phagocytosis-associated genes (42) |
| Photofrin-based PDT | Yes; FDA-approved for application in esophageal and lung cancer (231) | No data available |
| Radiotherapy | Yes | In patients of eosophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) receiving chemo-radiotherapy significant increase in serum HMGB1-levels and increased intra-tumoral staining of HMGB1 correlated with better patient survival (232); high tumoral CALR levels in radiotherapy-treated lung cancer patients associated with prolonged OS as well as increased expression levels of various phagocytosis-associated genes (42) |
| Shikonin | No; but shikonin is currently being applied in an observational clinical study of breast cancer patients (NCT01287468) | No data are available |
| UVC irradiation | No; but UV treatment is sometimes applied for the preparation of clinical cell-based anticancer vaccines (233) | No data are available |
| Bortezomib, Anti-EGFR antibody (7A7), bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, microwave thermal ablation, vorinostat | Yes | No data are available |
| Coxsackievirus B3; Clostridium difficile toxin B; Microwave thermal ablation; Newcastle disease virus (NDV); RIG-I-like helicases (RLH) ligand; Septacidin; PtII N-heterocyclic carbene complex; Patupilone | No | No data are available |
CRT or CALR, calreticulin; HMGB1, high-mobility group box-1 protein; Hyp-PDT, hypericin-photodynamic therapy; ICD, immunogenic cell death; IFN, interferon; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; TLR, toll-like receptor.