Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristic of the Sample (Mean ± Standard Deviation)
| HC n = 23 | BD n = 18 | BD offspring n = 16 | F test or X | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 12.79 ± 3.09 | 13.63 ± 2.99 | 11.83 ± 2.96 | 1.5 | 0.23 |
| Gender (F) | 8 | 8 | 9 | 1.77 | 0.41 |
| BD subtype | N/A | 5 BDI/4 BDII/10 BD-NOS | N/A | ||
| Education (years) | 6.43 ± 3.01 | 7.18 ± 3.36 | 5.94 ± 2.82 | 0.69 | 0.51 |
| WRAT | 118.56 ± 17.08 | 92.56 ± 9.38 | 105.07 ± 15.30 | 8.98 | ≤.001a,b |
| n | (n = 16) | (n = 9) | (n = 15) | ||
| CDRS | 17.63 ± 1.29 | 29.15 ± 12.86 | 21.69 ± 4.94 | 10.91 | ≤.001a,b |
| (n = 22) | (n = 13) | (n = 16) | |||
| YMRS | 0.35 ± 0.57 | 6.59 ± 4.16 | 7.13 ± 8.57 | 10.91 | ≤0.001a,b |
| (n = 23) | (n = 17) | (n = 16) |
BD, bipolar disorder; HC, healthy controls; WRAT, Wide Range Achievement Test; CDRS, Childhood Depression Rating Scale; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.
a = BD vs. HC; b = BD offspring vs. HC.