IFN-α and sCD40L preferentially activate B cells in vitro. (A) The expression levels of CD71, CD69, and CXCR3 on cultured B-cell subsets are shown after in vitro stimulation with IL-6, IL-17, IFN-α, sCD40L, IL-21, or IL-33 for 1 day. B cells from HC subjects (n = 6) and IA patients (n = 6) were purified with CD19 MicroBeads and subsequently cultured with various cytokines. The data are presented as the means ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. (B) Plasma IFN-α and sCD40L levels in HC, IT, IA, ENH, and RP subjects were determined using ELISA. Each dot represents one individual. P-values less than 0.05 are shown.