This work is licensed under a Table 1.
Mendelian randomization studies for biomarkers and type 2 diabetes.
| Biomarkers | No. of study | Study | Country/year | Cases/total or controls | Genetic variant(s)/locus | Causal estimate | Type of associations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin | 3 (19, 35, 42) | DIAGRAMv2, ARIC, FUSION, WTCCC, EPIC-InterAct | US, Europe/2013 | 15 960/64 731 | rs17300539, rs1736653, rs3774261, rs3821799/ADIPOQ | Null | |
| BHS, CUDAS, FDS | Australia/2013 | 967/2355 | rs12637534, rs16861209, rs17366568/ADIPOQ | OR, 0.86 | Per allele | ||
| DIAGRAMv2 | US, Europe/2012 | –/22 044 | rs3001032/LYPLAL1, rs1108842/GNL3, rs1597466/TSC22D2, rs6810075/ADIPOQ, rs998584/VEGFA, rs2980879/TRIB1, rs7955516/PDE3A, rs601339/GPR109A, rs7133378/DNAH10, rs2925979/CMIP, rs12922394/CDH13, rs731839/PEPD | β, −0.30 | Average additive effect of adiponectin- raising alleles | ||
| Beta-carotene | 1 (33) | WTCCC, DGI, FUSION | USA, Europe/2009 | 4549/5579 | rs6564851/BCMO1 | Null | |
| Bilirubin | 1 (11) | PREVEND | Netherlands/2015 | 210/3381 | rs6742078/UGT1A1 | OR, 0.58 | 1-s.d. |
| N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide | 1 (37) | DIAGRAMv2, Norfolk Diabetes, Cambridgeshire, ADDITION-Ely, French, Swiss 1, Swiss 2, Austrian, MONICA, INCA, UK | US, Europe/2011 | 23 382/57 898 | rs198389/NPPB | OR, 0.96 | C allele |
| C-reactive protein | 1 (16) | Whitehall II | UK/2008 | 354/5274 | rs1130864, rs1205, rs3093077/ CRP | Null | |
| Delta-6 desaturase | 1 (30) | EPIC-Potsdam | Germany/2011 | 673/2724 | rs174546/FADS1 | RR, 0.64 | TT genotype |
| Dimethylglycine | 1 (32) | MDC-CC, MDC, MPP | Sweden/2015 | 4201/33 898 | rs2431332/ DMGDH | OR, 1.1 | A allele |
| Ferritin/TMPRSS6 | 1 (22) | Beijing | China/2012 | 272/1574 | rs855791, rs4820268/ TMPRSS6 | OR, 0.79 | AG haplotype |
| Fetuin-a | 1 (27) | CHS | US/2013 | 259/3093 | rs4917, rs2248690/AHSG | Null | |
| Homocysteine | 2 (24, 25) | Hangzhou | China/2014 | 774/500 | rs1801131/MTHFR, rs4646356/PEMT | OR, 1.93, 1.52 | CC, CT+TT |
| – | Europe, Asia, Africa/2013 | 4011/4303 | rs12134663, rs1801133/MTHFR | OR, 1.29 | 5 μmol/l | ||
| IL-1Ra | 1 (26) | DIAGRAMv3 and EPIC-InterAct | US, Europe/2015 | 18 715/61 692 | rs6743376, rs1542176/IL1RN | Null | |
| Leukocyte telomere length | 1 (46) | WHI-OS | US/2012 | 1675/2382 | rs34368910/TRF1, rs4888444/TRF2, rs4975605/TERT, rs938886, rs2228041,rs12880583/TPP1 | Null | |
| Lipoprotein(a) | 2 (29, 44) | Danish general population | Denmark/2014 | 2157/28 567 | rs10455872/LPA | Null | |
| DIAGRAMv3,EPIC-Norfolk | USA, Europe/2014 | 10 088/68 346 | rs10455872/LPA | Null | |||
| Macrophage migration inhibitory factor | 1 (23) | MONICA/KORA Augsburg | Germany/2008 | 502/1632 | rs1007888/MIF | HR, 1.74 | C allele |
| miRNAs | 1 (41) | Harbin | China/2015 | 995/967 | rs895819/miR-27a, rs531564/miR-124a, rs2910164/miR-146a | Null | |
| Resistin | 1 (18) | CVDFACTS | Taiwan/2014 US, Europe/2010 | 230/3400 | rs3745367,rs1423096/RETN | OR, 1.38 | GG |
| Sex hormone-binding globulin | 2 (21, 34) | WTCCC, Dundee, EFS-Y2TD, Danish, DGI, MCC, FUSION 1-2, KORA, Cambridgeshire, ADDITION-Ely, NDCCS, DeCODE, METSIM, DIAGEN | 27 657/58 481 | rs1799941/SHBG | OR, 0.92 | G allele | |
| WHS | USA/2009 | 359/359 | rs6259/SHBG | OR, 0.3 | 1-s.d. | ||
| Triglycerides | 1 (20) | Go-DARTS | UK/2011 | 5637/6860 | rs2954029/ TRIB1, rs714052/MLXIPL, rs7557067/APOB, rs17216525/NCAN, rs10889353/ANGPTL3, rs7679/PLTP, rs7819412/XKR6-AMAC1L2, rs328/LPL, rs3135506/APOA5, rs662799/APOA5 | Null | |
| Uric acid | 1 (36) | Cambridgeshire, ADDITION-Ely, Norfolk Diabetes | UK/2011 | 7504/8560 | rs12129861/PDZK1, rs742132/LRRC16A, rs505802/SLC22A12, rs12356193/SLC16A9, rs17300741/SLC22A11, rs1165151/SLC17A1, rs2231142/ABCG2, rs734553/ SLC2A9 | Null | |
| Vitamin D | 3 (17, 28, 45) | DIAGRAMv3, ADDITION-Ely, Norfolk Diabetes, Cambridgeshire, EPIC-InterAct | US, Europe/2015 | 281 44/76 344 | rs12785878/DHCR7, rs10741657/CYP2R1, rs4588/DBP, rs17217119/CYP24A1 | Null | |
| EPIC-Potsdam | Germany/2013 | 1572/2121 | rs2282679, rs1155563/GC, rs12785878, rs3829251/DHCR7, rs10741657/CYP2R1, rs6013897/CYP24A1, rs6599638/Ch10orf88, rs10877012/CYP27B1 | Null | |||
| Tromsø | Norway/2012 | 1092/9528 | rs2298850/DBP GC, rs10741657/CYP2R1, rs3794060/NADSYN1, rs6013897/CYP24A1 | Null | |||
| Vitamin D binding protein | 1 (31) | CaMos | Canada/2014 | 201/2254 | rs2282679/DBP GC | Null |
RR, relative risk; IL1-Ra, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; DIAGRAM, DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis; EPIC-InterAct, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct; ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities; WTCCC, Welcome Trust Case Control Cohort; FUSION, Finland-US Investigation of NIDDM genetics; BHS, Busselton Population Health Survey; CUDAS, Carotid Ultrasound Disease Assessment Study; FDS, Fremantle Diabetes Study; PREVEND, Prevention of Renal and Vascular ENd-stage Disease; iNCA, iNsuffisance CAdiaque; MONICA, Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease; MDC, Malmö Diet and Cancer Study; MDC-CC, Malmö Diet and Cancer Cardiovascular Cohort; MPP, Malmö Preventive Project; CVDFACTS, CardioVascular Disease risk FACtors Two-township Study; KORA, Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg; EFS-YT2D, Exeter Family Study-Young-onset T2D; NDCCS, Norfolk Diabetes Case Control Study; METSIM, METabolic Syndrome In Men; DIAGEN, DIAbetes GENetic study; CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study; WHI-OS, Women's Health Initiative Observational Study Cohort; ADDITION, Anglo-Danish-Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment In People with Screen Detected Diabetes in Primary Care; Go-DARTS, Genetics of Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland; CaMos, Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study.