Table 5.
Longitudinal association of cardiometabolic factors with a 1-unit increase in the z-score for anthropometric measures in the subcohort of the Women’s Health Initiative (N = 2,672).*†
| Metabolic factor/ anthropometric factor | BMI | WC | WCHtR | WHR | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-coeff | 95% CI | β-coeff | 95% CI | β-coeff | 95% CI | β-coeff | 95% CI | |
| Glucose | 5.3b,c | (4.4 – 6.2) | 6.5a,b | (5.6 – 7.4) | 7.2a,c | (6.3 – 8.2) | 3.0 | (2.4 – 3.7) |
| Insulin | 2.8 | (2.4 – 3.2) | 3.0 | (2.6 – 3.3) | 3.3 | (2.9 – 3.7) | 1.4 | (1.1 – 1.7) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.1 | (0.9 – 1.2) | 1.2 | (1.0 – 1.4) | 1.2 | (1.1 – 1.4) | 0.6 | (0.5 – 0.8) |
| HDL-C | −3.1d,e | (−3.6 – −2.7) | −3.7d | (−4.1 – −3.3) | −4.6e | (−5.2 – −4.1) | −1.1 | (−1.4 – −0.9) |
| LDL-C | 0.9 | (−0.2 – 2.1) | 1.0 | (−0.1 –2.2) | 1.6 | (0.3 – 2.9) | 0.5 | (−0.4 – 1.3) |
| Total cholesterol | −0.1 | (−1.4 – 1.1) | 0.1 | (−1.1 – 1.3) | 0.3 | (−1.1 – 1.7) | 0.4 | (−0.5 – 1.3) |
| Triglycerides | 13.0f,g | (10.5 – 15.5) | 17.4f | (15.0 – 19.9) | 18.1g | (15.3 – 20.9) | 9.6 | (7.8 – 11.4) |
| Systolic BP | 2.6 | (2.1 – 3.1) | 2.3 | (1.8 – 2.8) | 2.4 | (1.9 – 2.9) | 0.9 | (0.5 – 1.3) |
| Diastolic BP | 1.2 | (0.9 – 1.5) | 0.7 | (0.5 – 1.0) | 0.6 | (0.3 – 0.9) | 0.1 | (−0.1 – 0.4) |
| Metabolic score | 0.3 | (0.3 – 0.3) | 0.4 | (0.3 – 0.4) | 0.4 | (0.3 – 0.4) | 0.2 | (0.2 – 0.2) |
Adjusted for age (continuous), servings of alcohol per week (continuous), smoking status (never, former, current), MET-hrs/wk of physical activity (continuous), education (less than high school grad, high school grad/some college, college grad, post-college), ethnicity (white, black, other).
All associations were statistically significant at p <0.0001, with the exception of the associations of BMI, WC, and WCHtR with LDL-C (p = 0.1, 0.08, and 0.3, respectively); BMI, WC, WCHtR, and WHR with total cholesterol (p = 0.8, 0.9, 0.7, and 0.3, respectively); and WHR with diastolic blood pressure (0.2).
Denotes statistically significant pair-wise differences between coefficients – all <0.01. All differences between coefficients for WHR and the other anthropometric variables with glucose, HDL-C, and triglycerides were statistically significant – p <0.01.
Abbreviations: BMI – body mass index; WC – waist circumference; WCHtR – waist circumference/height; WHR – waist-to-hip ratio; HOMA-IR—homeostasis assessment model – insulin resistance; HDL-C - high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C - low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BP – blood pressure.