Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants by Levels of Hookah Use, Unadjusted Odds Ratios (n = 17 164)
| Ever hookah user (n = 3287) | Bivariable results from multinomial logistic regression models | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never used hookah (n = 13 877) | No intent to use again (n = 2295) | Intent to use again (n = 992) | No intent to use again vs. never used | Intent to use again vs. never used | |
| n (weighted %) | n (weighted %) | n (weighted %) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Other tobacco use | |||||
| Cigarette smoking status | |||||
| Never | 5922 (55.1) | 526 (32.6) | 155 (32.4) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Former | 3402 (27.4) | 609 (34.9) | 82 (13.4) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.6) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) |
| Some days | 654 (2.6) | 199 (7.2) | 170 (13.9) | 4.7 (3.5, 6.3) | 9.0 (6.3, 13.1) |
| Every day | 3899 (14.9) | 961 (25.3) | 585 (40.2) | 2.9 (2.4, 3.4) | 4.6 (3.5, 6.0) |
| Cigar smoking status | |||||
| Never | 8503 (67.0) | 665 (31.7) | 163 (21.8) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Former | 3889 (26.2) | 1092 (51.8) | 298 (37.2) | 4.2 (3.5, 5.0) | 4.4 (3.1, 6.1) |
| Current | 1485 (6.8) | 538 (16.6) | 531 (41.0) | 5.2 (4.2, 6.4) | 18.6 (13.6, 25.4) |
| Ever used dissolvable products | |||||
| No | 13 647 (99.0) | 2184 (96.7) | 834 (90.0) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 230 (1.0) | 111 (3.3) | 158 (10.0) | 3.5 (2.4, 5.0) | 11.4 (8.1, 15.9) |
| Attitudes/beliefs | |||||
| How dangerous do you think smoking tobacco in a regular pipe or hookah is to a person’s own health? | |||||
| Pipe/hookah is not/little/ moderately dangerous | 4021 (26.3) | 938 (37.9) | 561 (58.9) | 1.7 (1.5, 2.0) | 4.0 (3.2, 5.0) |
| Pipe/hookah is very/extremely dangerous | 9856 (73.7) | 1357 (62.1) | 431 (41.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age | |||||
| 18–24 y | 668 (7.8) | 223 (12.4) | 326 (35.7) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.7) | 7.3 (5.1–10.3) |
| 25–34 y | 1622 (17.2) | 529 (31.0) | 371 (40.1) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.8) | 3.7 (2.6, 5.2) |
| 35–44 y | 1887 (15.1) | 303 (12.1) | 123 (9.5) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 45–54 y | 2723 (23.4) | 415 (20.3) | 95 (11.0) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.2) |
| 55–64 y | 3358 (16.7) | 592 (16.9) | 57 (3.0) | 1.3 (0.995, 1.6) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) |
| ≥65 y | 3619 (19.9) | 233 (7.2) | 20 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.09) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 11 168 (69.0) | 1833 (67.1) | 664 (56.9) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Black | 1098 (12.3) | 107 (7.1) | 83 (9.9) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 884 (12.5) | 188 (16.4) | 138 (23.8) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.7) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.2) |
| Other/multiple races | 727 (6.3) | 167 (9.5) | 107 (9.5) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.6) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 6070 (46.3) | 1127 (56.5) | 449 (56.5) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) |
| Female | 7807 (53.7) | 1168 (43.5) | 543 (43.5) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Education | |||||
| High school or less | 3793 (45.0) | 461 (30.4) | 243 (36.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Some college | 4845 (30.3) | 927 (35.1) | 447 (36.4) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) |
| Bachelor’s or more | 5239 (24.7) | 907 (34.4) | 302 (26.9) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.5) | 1.3 (1.003, 1.8) |
| Income | |||||
| <$25 000 | 2760 (18.4) | 555 (18.5) | 312 (25.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
| $25 000–49 999 | 3780 (24.0) | 602 (20.7) | 270 (24.3) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.98) |
| $50 000–74 999 | 2883 (19.7) | 470 (19.8) | 186 (16.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) |
| $75 000–99 999 | 1980 (18.0) | 316 (23.3) | 95 (16.2) | 1.3 (1.02, 1.6) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) |
| ≥$100 000 | 2474 (19.9) | 352 (17.8) | 129 (17.6) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 7780 (56.6) | 961 (45.4) | 269 (26.4) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Divorced/separated | 2123 (12.0) | 413 (14.5) | 88 (6.5) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) |
| Never married | 2181 (19.5) | 532 (26.8) | 414 (45.8) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) | 5.0 (3.8, 6.6) |
| Living with partner | 954 (7.0) | 313 (11.4) | 207 (20.4) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.6) | 6.3 (4.5, 8.7) |
| Widowed | 839 (4.8) | 76 (2.0) | 14 (1.0) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) |
| Employment | |||||
| Employed | 7095 (55.3) | 1403 (64.4) | 648 (67.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Laid off/looking for work | 1114 (9.3) | 245 (11.9) | 165 (16.8) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) |
| Retired/disabled | 4703 (27.0) | 472 (15.3) | 88 (8.4) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) |
| Not working—other reason | 965 (8.5) | 175 (8.5) | 91 (7.7) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) |
| Region of the country | |||||
| Midwest | 3654 (22.8) | 541 (19.9) | 212 (19.9) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Northeast | 2363 (17.7) | 421 (20.5) | 185 (22.4) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.03, 2.0) |
| South | 4860 (37.7) | 723 (34.7) | 316 (33.9) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) |
| West | 3000 (21.8) | 610 (24.9) | 279 (23.8) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) |
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.