Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Enrollees of the 2005, 2006, and 2007 Entry Panels of the Medicare Beneficiary Survey who had Reached their 65th Birthday by Activity of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) Stage
| Variable | All (N=9695) |
ADL Stage | IADL Stage | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (N=6713) |
I (N=1609) |
II (N=758) |
III (N=512) |
IV (N=103) |
p | 0 (N=6076) |
I (N=1676) |
II (N=713) |
III (N=1014) |
IV N=(216) |
p | |||
| Sociodemographic | ||||||||||||||
| Sex | Female | 55.8 | 53.7 | 58.8 | 63.2 | 67.0 | 63.6 | <.001 | 50.3 | 73.7 | 71.7 | 51.3 | 64.3 | <.001 |
| Race | Non-Hispanic White | 81.7 | 83.1 | 80.1 | 77.5 | 75.1 | 58.6 | <.001 | 83.1 | 82.0 | 76.5 | 78.3 | 64.4 | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 7.5 | 6.8 | 8.5 | 10.4 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 9.1 | 7.9 | 17.0 | |||
| Hispanic | 7.3 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 9.6 | 21.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 15.2 | |||
| Other | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 4.5 | * | 3.2 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 3.8 | * | |||
| Age | 65–74 | 56.9 | 62.3 | 45.5 | 39.6 | 37.4 | 32.9 | <.001 | 63.3 | 50.0 | 45.0 | 36.4 | 21.3 | <.001 |
| 75–84 | 33.4 | 31.0 | 39.6 | 39.8 | 39.8 | 40.7 | 30.7 | 36.5 | 40.3 | 41.2 | 41.2 | |||
| ≥85 | 9.8 | 6.7 | 14.9 | 20.6 | 22.8 | 26.4 | 6.0 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 22.4 | 37.5 | |||
| Education | Below high school graduate | 24.9 | 21.2 | 31.8 | 35.8 | 41.1 | 49.1 | <.001 | 20.1 | 28.0 | 36.8 | 40.8 | 51.9 | <.001 |
| Income | ≤$25,000 | 50.7 | 56.4 | 39.0 | 32.5 | 31.0 | 21.6 | <.001 | 57.9 | 40.6 | 33.1 | 35.0 | 18.6 | <.001 |
| Social living circumstance | Alone | 29.4 | 28.5 | 31.7 | 32.8 | 32.1 | 25.2 | <.001 | 27.8 | 35.9 | 32.8 | 29.2 | 20.8 | <.001 |
| Spouse | 55.9 | 59.6 | 49.3 | 42.8 | 41.0 | 39.6 | 60.9 | 46.6 | 45.0 | 48.1 | 33.7 | |||
| Children | 9.3 | 7.1 | 12.8 | 16.8 | 18.3 | 27.3 | 6.6 | 11.7 | 14.6 | 16.9 | 34.0 | |||
| Other | 5.3 | 4.7 | 6.2 | 7.6 | 8.5 | * | 4.7 | 5.8 | 7.7 | 5.8 | 11.4 | |||
| Health status conditions | ||||||||||||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 7.9 | 5.6 | 12.7 | 16.3 | 14.4 | 10.4 | <.001 | 5.4 | 11.5 | 15.3 | 12.9 | 12.7 | <.001 | |
| Arthritis other than rheumatoid | >1 year | 12.2 | 12.2 | 13.2 | 9.9 | 11.2 | 10.6 | <.001 | 11.9 | 13.4 | 11.9 | 12.3 | 9.9 | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 34.4 | 28.3 | 50.8 | 49.1 | 53.7 | 43.4 | 27.5 | 51.2 | 55.1 | 39.1 | 39.7 | |||
| Hypertension | >1 year | 11.5 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 9.3 | 10.1 | * | <.001 | 11.9 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 8.6 | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 49.2 | 44.9 | 60.4 | 60.8 | 60.5 | 66.2 | 43.8 | 60.1 | 62.5 | 58.3 | 58.1 | |||
| Myocardial infarction | >1 year | 10.5 | 8.6 | 16.1 | 14.2 | 15.4 | 15.3 | <.001 | 8.6 | 12.7 | 13.9 | 16.9 | 18.4 | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 1.9 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.9 | * | 1.3 | 2.3 | 6.3 | 2.6 | * | |||
| Angina or coronary artery diseases | >1 year | 5.7 | 5.2 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 6.1 | * | <.001 | 5.0 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 9.4 | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 3.6 | 2.5 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 6.2 | * | 2.5 | 4.7 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 7.5 | |||
| Congestive heart failure | >1 year | 3.5 | 2.4 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 7.4 | * | <.001 | 2.2 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 11.4 | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 2.5 | 1.2 | 4.8 | 8.3 | 7.1 | * | 1.0 | 4.2 | 8.2 | 5.3 | 7.6 | |||
| Heart valve problems | >1 year | 4.3 | 3.8 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.7 | * | <.001 | 3.7 | 6.0 | 4.9 | 5.6 | * | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 3.2 | 2.6 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 5.3 | * | 2.1 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.3 | * | |||
| Rhythm disturbance | >1 year | 8.0 | 7.4 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 13.6 | * | <.001 | 7.3 | 8.8 | 11.5 | 9.2 | 10.9 | <.001 |
| ≤ 1year | 8.4 | 6.4 | 12.9 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 12.0 | 5.8 | 13.2 | 15.4 | 12.6 | 13.8 | |||
| Stroke | >1 year | 8.0 | 5.2 | 12.7 | 18.6 | 17.9 | 26.2 | <.001 | 5.0 | 9.8 | 15.7 | 16.7 | 33.2 | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 1.8 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 11.2 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 9.6 | |||
| Cancer other than skin | >1 year | 12.0 | 11.6 | 12.8 | 12.5 | 15.8 | * | <.001 | 11.0 | 15.0 | 12.1 | 14.1 | 11.6 | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 5.0 | 4.3 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 8.9 | * | 4.4 | 5.6 | 7.9 | 6.2 | * | |||
| Osteoporosis | 16.8 | 14.2 | 22.1 | 25.9 | 25.9 | 22.0 | <.001 | 12.4 | 26.1 | 29.9 | 21.1 | 23.7 | <.001 | |
| Broken hip | >1 year | 2.6 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 8.1 | * | <.001 | 1.4 | 4.0 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 11.0 | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 1.9 | * | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 1.6 | * | |||
| Emphysema/asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 13.4 | 10.4 | 21.3 | 21.2 | 23.7 | 16.8 | <.001 | 9.8 | 19.8 | 26.0 | 19.2 | 16.4 | <.001 | |
| Parkinson’s disease | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 4.6 | * | <.001 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 9.2 | <.001 | |
| Amputation | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 1.9 | * | <.001 | 0.4 | 0.8 | * | 1.1 | * | <.001 | |
| Diabetes | Type 1 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 4.4 | 5.9 | 5.0 | * | <.001 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 6.5 | 4.4 | 7.6 | <.001 |
| Type 2 | 16.0 | 13.5 | 21.1 | 26.0 | 24.2 | 21.7 | 13.5 | 20.6 | 24.7 | 19.5 | 21.3 | |||
| Other type | 4.9 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 4.4 | 7.4 | * | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 6.4 | 6.8 | |||
| Mental retardation | 0.3 | 0.2 | * | * | * | * | <.001 | * | * | * | 1.1 | * | <.001 | |
| Mental or psychiatric conditions | >1 year | 0.5 | 0.5 | * | * | * | * | <0.01 | 0.3 | 0.8 | * | * | * | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 2.0 | * | * | 0.6 | 0.8 | * | 3.0 | * | |||
| Alzheimer’s disease | 2.4 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 7.1 | 9.3 | 25.2 | <.001 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 11.1 | 39.9 | <.001 | |
| Depression | >1 year | 7.2 | 6.1 | 9.4 | 12.2 | 9.0 | * | <.001 | 5.6 | 9.6 | 11.8 | 10.7 | 11.7 | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 8.6 | 5.6 | 13.6 | 17.9 | 22.9 | 24.7 | 4.5 | 13.9 | 20.9 | 17.2 | 25.6 | |||
| Hardening of the arteries | 7.1 | 5.8 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 13.4 | 12.2 | <.001 | 5.3 | 9.5 | 10.7 | 12.2 | 12.4 | <.001 | |
| Incontinence | Yes | 27.9 | 21.8 | 37.3 | 50.1 | 53.5 | 66.8 | <.001 | 20.3 | 41.9 | 46.7 | 38.7 | 61.8 | <.001 |
| Dialysis/catheterization | 0.6 | 0.2 | * | * | 4.2 | 10.9 | * | 1.3 | * | 1.4 | 6.7 | |||
| Vision | Has difficulty | 5.9 | 3.4 | 9.5 | 15.0 | 15.8 | 29.7 | <.001 | 2.5 | 8.2 | 13.5 | 16.3 | 32.9 | <.001 |
| Hearing | Has difficulty | 6.2 | 4.6 | 7.9 | 13.4 | 13.8 | 18.4 | <.001 | 3.0 | 5.6 | 8.5 | 26.0 | 25.6 | <.001 |
| Paralysis | >1 year | 1.3 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.3 | * | <.001 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 2.2 | * | <.001 |
| ≤1 year | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 5.8 | 19.5 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 10.7 | |||
| Smoking Status | Not a smoker | 44.1 | 44.4 | 41.4 | 43.2 | 47.0 | 54.0 | 0.043 | 43.3 | 46.1 | 46.1 | 43.0 | 53.2 | 0.046 |
| Ever a smoker | 44.0 | 43.7 | 45.2 | 46.2 | 44.0 | 34.4 | 44.3 | 43.2 | 41.7 | 46.4 | 39.6 | |||
| Current smoker | 11.9 | 11.8 | 13.4 | 10.6 | 9.0 | 11.7 | 12.4 | 10.7 | 12.3 | 10.6 | 7.2 | |||
| Subjective health and psychological well-being | ||||||||||||||
| Difficulty concentrating | 11.0 | 6.4 | 16.6 | 29.2 | 32.1 | 57.5 | <.001 | 5.1 | 12.6 | 23.1 | 32.5 | 70.5 | <.001 | |
| Feeling sad or blue | All of the time | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 2.9 | * | <.001 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 6.2 | <.001 |
| Most of the time | 3.9 | 2.9 | 4.9 | 7.2 | 9.1 | 21.4 | 2.5 | 4.7 | 6.9 | 8.1 | 17.5 | |||
| Some of the time | 17.0 | 13.4 | 24.3 | 28.8 | 31.6 | 23.4 | 12.3 | 23.3 | 31.0 | 28.5 | 28.7 | |||
| A little of the time | 35.5 | 34.9 | 38.9 | 36.7 | 33.1 | 29.6 | 34.5 | 41.6 | 35.6 | 33.7 | 24.4 | |||
| None of the time | 42.6 | 48.3 | 30.8 | 24.0 | 23.4 | 15.7 | 50.2 | 29.2 | 23.6 | 27.8 | 23.3 | |||
| Lost interest or pleasure in social activities | 10.4 | 6.5 | 15.9 | 23.8 | 27.9 | 43.1 | <.001 | 5.5 | 15.7 | 25.2 | 21.8 | 35.5 | <.001 | |
| Global health perceptions | Excellent | 19.3 | 24.3 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.4 | * | <.001 | 25.7 | 6.4 | 3.7 | 9.1 | 5.4 | <.001 |
| Very good | 29.3 | 33.7 | 19.3 | 16.2 | 14.8 | * | 34.7 | 21.0 | 12.7 | 19.6 | 9.2 | |||
| Good | 31.0 | 29.8 | 37.4 | 31.2 | 30.7 | 18.0 | 29.6 | 38.2 | 27.5 | 31.4 | 25.9 | |||
| Fair | 15.1 | 10.4 | 26.0 | 31.2 | 27.7 | 34.5 | 8.5 | 26.7 | 34.6 | 26.6 | 29.2 | |||
| Poor | 5.4 | 1.8 | 11.2 | 15.3 | 21.4 | 39.3 | 1.5 | 7.6 | 21.4 | 13.2 | 30.3 | |||
| Comparative general health status to a year ago | Much better | 4.9 | 5.2 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 3.4 | * | <.001 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 4.0 | * | <.001 |
| Somewhat better | 10.4 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 7.8 | * | 9.7 | 12.4 | 12.0 | 10.7 | 8.5 | |||
| About the same | 66.0 | 72.6 | 52.6 | 44.0 | 44.8 | 34.9 | 74.3 | 54.8 | 38.4 | 51.0 | 37.4 | |||
| Somewhat worse | 16.3 | 11.5 | 27.1 | 30.4 | 33.4 | 36.7 | 10.4 | 24.4 | 35.8 | 27.5 | 34.8 | |||
| Much worse | 2.4 | 0.8 | 4.2 | 7.8 | 10.7 | 19.6 | 0.5 | 3.3 | 9.3 | 6.8 | 16.9 | |||
| Amount of time health limits contact with friends and family during the past month | None of the time | 71.6 | 83.1 | 50.0 | 33.7 | 25.4 | * | <.001 | 85.9 | 52.5 | 25.4 | 44.6 | 14.8 | <.001 |
| Some of the time | 17.2 | 12.9 | 29.2 | 29.0 | 30.1 | 16.9 | 11.0 | 31.0 | 30.9 | 28.0 | 18.5 | |||
| Most of the time | 7.1 | 3.0 | 14.2 | 22.0 | 24.0 | 25.5 | 2.3 | 12.7 | 25.9 | 15.5 | 22.2 | |||
| All of the time | 4.1 | 1.0 | 6.6 | 15.3 | 20.5 | 51.3 | 0.8 | 3.8 | 17.8 | 11.8 | 44.5 | |||
| Outcome | ||||||||||||||
| Three-year mortality | 10.3 | 6.2 | 14.8 | 26.6 | 29.6 | 48.6 | <.001 | 5.7 | 12.2 | 23.1 | 23.5 | 51.8 | <.001 | |
*
Cannot display percentage since cell size is less than 11 because of policies of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.