Fig. 1.

Prevalence of total hypospadias (a), isolated hypospadias, hypospadias with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), hypospadias with known cause (b) and hypospadias subtypes (c) in 23 EUROCAT registries 2001–2010. a All hypospadias: heterogeneous in time (p value trend = 0.136, p value nonlinear change = 0.013) Multilevel Poisson regression analysis: no significant effect of birth year (p value = 0.136) Error bars show 95 % confidence interval. b Isolated hypospadias: heterogeneous in time (p value trend = 0.137, p value nonlinear change = 0.002) Hypospadias with MCA: no significant change in prevalence over time (p value trend = 0.576, p value nonlinear change = 0.930) Hypospadias with a known cause: heterogeneous in time (p value trend = 0.054, p value nonlinear change = 0.020). c Hypospadias not otherwise specified (NOS): significant decreasing trend (p value trend < 0.001, p value nonlinear change < 0.001, trend is monotonic) Anterior hypospadias: significant increasing trend (p value trend < 0.001, p value nonlinear change < 0.001, trend is monotonic) Middle hypospadias: heterogeneous in time (p value trend = 0.868, p value nonlinear change = 0.001) Posterior hypospadias: significant increasing trend (p value trend = 0.005, p value nonlinear change = 0.071)