Table 4.
Inflammation markers. AUC: Area Under the Curve; ASD: Autistic Spectrum Disorder; HC: healthy controls; SD: standard deviation; and na: data not available.
| Lab test | Increase | Decrease | P values | Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) | Diagnosis | Age (Y): range (mean ± SD) |
Number M/F |
Control group | Country | Biologic sample | Technique | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cut-off values | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC | ||||||||||||
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) |
∗ | P < 0.001 | 103.98 | 87.88% | 74.19% | 0.85 | Autism | (12.21 ± 2.67) | 27/6 | HC | China | Plasma | ELISA | [36] | |
| Combination of serotonin and interleukin-6 | 250.4 | 84.85% | 96.77% | 0.96 | |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||
| HSP-70 (ng/mL) |
∗ | 0.001 | 12.218 | 95.0% | 84.2% | 0.987 | ASD | 3–16 | 20 male | HC | Saudi Arabia | Plasma | ELISA | [44] | |
| TGF-β
(pg/mL) |
∗ | 0.001 | 78.649 | 100.0% | 89.5% | 1.000 | |||||||||
| Caspase-7 (ng/mL) | ∗ | 0.001 | 6.698 | 90.0% | 89.5% | 0.968 | |||||||||
| INF-γ
(ng/mL) |
∗ | 0.001 | 56.558 | 100.0% | 78.9% | 1.000 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Leukotriene (pg/mL) | ∗ | 0.001 | 205.689 | 100.0% | 84.2% | 1.000 | Autism | 4–12 | 20 male | HC | Saudi Arabia | Plasma | ELISA | [45] | |
| PGE2 (pg/mL) |
∗ | 0.001 | 247.968 | 100.0% | 84.2% | 1.000 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Caspase-3 (ng/mL) | ∗ | <0.001 | 161.17 | 100.0% | 86.7% | 0.968 | ASD | 4–12 | 25 male | HC | Saudi Arabia | Plasma | na | [46] | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) |
∗ | <0.001 | 301.95 | 84.0% | 100.0% | 0.952 | |||||||||
| TNFa (pg/mL) |
∗ | <0.001 | 297.67 | 76.0% | 100.0% | 0.915 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Neopterin (nmol/L) | ∗ | <0.0001 | ≥8.5 | ≥84.2% | 80.1% | 0.876 | ASD | (3.69 ± 1.30) | 64/16 | HC | China | Plasma | ELISA | [47] | |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Lipoxin A4 (pg/mL) |
∗ | <0.0001 | 81.5 | 90.7% | 76.0% | 0.911 | Autistic disorders | (3.69 ± 1.22) | 59/16 | HC | China | Plasma | ELISA | [48] | |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Interferon-γ-induced protein-16 (ng/mL) | ∗ | 0.001 | 1.750 | 100.0% | 70.0% | 0.933 | ASD | 3–12 (7.0 ± 2.34) | 52 male | HC | Saudi Arabia | Plasma | ELISA | [37] | |