Table 5.
Metabolites. AUC: Area Under the Curve; ASD: Autistic Spectrum Disorder; HC: healthy controls; SD: standard deviation; na: data not available; and CI: confidence interval.
| Lab test | Increase | Decrease | P values | Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) | Diagnosis | Age (Y): range (mean ± SD) |
Number M/F |
Control group | Country | Biologic sample | Technique | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cut-off values | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC | ||||||||||||
| Pentacarboxyl (penta-) porphyrins (nmol/gCr) |
∗ | <0.006 | 2.1 | 30% for AUT 36% for PDD-NOS |
94% | Autism and PDD-NOS | 2.5–12.4 (6.64 ± 2.59) |
30 male with AUT 14 male with PDD-NOS |
HC | USA (Washington, Oregon) | Urine | HPLC and spectrofluorometry | [49] | ||
| Coproporphyrins (nmol/gCr) |
∗ | <0.006 | 108 | 33% for AUT 14% for PDD-NOS |
94% | ||||||||||
| The combined Z score measure (Z-penta + Z-copro) |
1.13 | 33% for AUT 21% for PDD-NOS |
100% | ||||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Methoxyphenyl oxime (volatile organic compounds) |
∗ | <0.0001 | na | na | na | 0.76–0.99 95% CI |
Autism | (6.9 ± 2.1) | 22/2 | HC | Italy | Urine | Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry | [50] | |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Succinate orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) scores |
∗ | <0.001 | 100% | 100% | 0.92 | Autism | 6–14 (mean: 8) | 24/6 | HC | France | Urine |
1H-NMR spectroscopy 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR |
[51] | ||
| Glutamate | ∗ | <0.05 | |||||||||||||
| 3-Methyl-histidine | ∗ | <0.05 | |||||||||||||