Table 6.
Toxic biomarkers, metals and cations. AUC: Area Under the Curve; ASD: Autistic Spectrum Disorders; HC: healthy controls; and SD: standard deviation.
| Lab test | Increase | Decrease | P values | Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) | Diagnosis | Age (Y): range (mean ± SD) |
Number M/F |
Control group | Country | Biologic sample | Technique | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cut-off values | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC | ||||||||||||
| Urinary phthalate (µg/mL) 5-OH-MEHP |
∗ | <0.05 | 0.177 | 52.1% | 75.6% | 0.638 | |||||||||
| Urinary phthalate (µg/mL) 5-Oxo-MEHP |
∗ | <0.01 | 0.142 | 46.0 | 91.1 | 0.666 |
ASD |
(11 ± 5) |
36/12 |
HC |
Italy |
Urine |
HPLC electrospray ionization MS |
[52] |
|
| Urinary phthalate (µg/mL) MEHP |
∗ | <0.05 | 0.01 | 79.2 | 44.2 | 0.631 | |||||||||
| Urinary phthalate (µg/mL) ALL |
∗ | 0.724 | 39.2 | 97.8 | 0.671 | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Zinc/copper (μg/dL) |
∗ | <0.001 | 0.665 | 90.0% | 91.7% | 0.968 | ASD | (3.78 ± 1.22) | 48/12 | HC | China | Serum | [53] | ||
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Lead (mmol/L) |
∗ | 0.001 | High level of sensitivity and specificity | Autism | 4–12 | 25 | HC | Saudi Arabia | RBC | HCL | [54] | ||||
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Amyloid beta (1–40) (pg/mL) |
∗ | <0.05 | 165.00 | 82.7% | 75.0% | 0.773 |
Autism |
3–16 |
52 |
HC |
Saudi Arabia |
Plasma |
ELISA |
[55] | |
| Amyloid beta (1–42) (pg/mL) |
∗ | <0.05 | 60.29 | 82.4% | 80.6% | 0.905 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Ca2+ (mmol/L) |
∗ | <0.001 | 8.17 | 100.0% | 100.0% | 1.000 | |||||||||
| Na+ (mmol/L) |
∗ | <0.05 | 124.50 | 100.0% | 71.4% | 0.786 | |||||||||
| K+ (mmol/L) |
∗ | <0.001 | 7.00 | 84.0% | 85.7% | 0.900 | ASD | 4–12 | 25 male | HC | Saudi Arabia | Plasma | [46] | ||
| Ca2+/Mg2+ | ∗ | <0.001 | 4.41 | 95.8% | 100.0% | 0.981 | |||||||||
| Na+/K+ | ∗ | <0.01 | 17.14 | 93.8% | 78.6% | 0.888 | |||||||||