Quantification of β-cell turnover in rats exposed to LD or LL fed either regular chow or HFD. Mean pancreatic mass (upper left), β-cell mass (upper right), frequency of β-cell proliferation (lower left), and frequency of β-cell apoptosis (lower right) in rats exposed to 10 weeks of LD-Chow, LD-HFD, LL-Chow, or LL-HFD. Bar graphs represent mean ± SEM (n = 5–6 per group). *, P < .05 vs LD-Chow; †, P < .05 vs LD-Chow and LL-Chow; ‡, P < .05 vs LD-Chow, LL-Chow, and LD-HFD.