Table 1.
Characteristics of study population.
| All patients | DIA + HYP | DIA | HYP | Control | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 307 | 54 | 16 | 185 | 52 | |
| Age (years) | 54.76 ± 11.69 | 60.75 ± 8.35 | 55.27 ± 12.82 | 55.26 ± 10.99 | 46.63 ± 12.54 | <0.001 |
| Male sex (N, %) | 191 (62.21%) | 39 (72.22%) | 11 (68.75%) | 108 (58.38%) | 33 (63.46%) | 0.286 |
| Superoxide dismutase (ng/mL) | 123.48 ± 57.20 | 134.76 ± 63.60 | 112.00 ± 35.23 | 117.63 ± 47.69 | 137.91 ± 82.68 | 0.079 |
| 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (ng/mL) | 6.97 ± 5.07 | 7.97 ± 5.52 | 6.24 ± 4.17 | 6.35 ± 5.13 | 7.40 ± 4.76 | 0.377 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138.26 ± 17.15 | 142.59 ± 18.20 | 119.31 ± 9.61 | 143.66 ± 16.09 | 126.26 ± 8.92 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 86.89 ± 10.92 | 84.94 ± 12.07 | 74.13 ± 5.19 | 90.62 ± 9.88 | 79.56 ± 6.66 | <0.001 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 52.49 ± 12.37 | 57.37 ± 12.92 | 45.39 ± 10.15 | 53.16 ± 12.23 | 46.91 ± 10.00 | <0.001 |
| IMT medium average (mm) | 0.73 ± 0.11 | 0.80 ± 0.11 | 0.73 ± 0.12 | 0.73 ± 0.10 | 0.68 ± 0.14 | <0.001 |
| IMT maximum average (mm) | 0.90 ± 0.14 | 0.98 ± 0.12 | 0.90 ± 0.15 | 0.90 ± 0.12 | 0.84 ± 0.17 | <0.001 |
| Pulse wave velocity (m/s) | 8.98 ± 2.22 | 10.39 ± 2.35 | 8.65 ± 2.27 | 9.00 ± 2.09 | 7.59 ± 1.61 | <0.001 |
| Peripheral augmentation index | 92.76 ± 21.43 | 95.85 ± 20.87 | 88.94 ± 22.34 | 95.15 ± 21.45 | 82.22 ± 18.63 | 0.001 |
| Central augmentation index | 30.31 ± 11.66 | 31.35 ± 10.67 | 30.44 ± 12.10 | 31.81 ± 10.94 | 23.85 ± 13.04 | <0.001 |
| AASI | 38.25 ± 6.05 | 41.39 ± 5.96 | 38.27 ± 5.44 | 37.71 ± 5.89 | 36.92 ± 5.96 | <0.001 |
| D'Agostino cardiovascular risk | 19.73 ± 16.27 | 36.59 ± 18.22 | 17.34 ± 11.88 | 18.00 ± 13.72 | 8.59 ± 8.24 | <0.001 |
| Smokers (N, %) | 73 (23.77%) | 13 (24.07%) | 4 (25%) | 38 (20.54%) | 18 (34.62%) | 0.202 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 51.98 ± 12.45 | 47.48 ± 9.73 | 50.75 ± 12.68 | 52.86 ± 12.63 | 53.96 ± 13.42 | 0.023 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 125.91 ± 32.76 | 108.13 ± 27.96 | 108.50 ± 22.07 | 132.71 ± 34.03 | 125.75 ± 26.68 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 204.40 ± 36.98 | 187.46 ± 34.70 | 183.81 ± 23.66 | 211.44 ± 37.58 | 203.25 ± 32.77 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (units/week) | 10.98 ± 20.28 | 14.94 ± 21.35 | 3.69 ± 4.87 | 9.63 ± 15.81 | 13.87 ± 32.15 | 0.111 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.41 ± 1.05 | 6.84 ± 1.40 | 6.68 ± 0.80 | 5.05 ± 0.46 | 4.83 ± 0.40 | <0.001 |
| Glycemia (mg/dL) | 98.44 ± 30.44 | 136.61 ± 46.27 | 132.63 ± 32.63 | 88.63 ± 11.14 | 83.19 ± 8.75 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs (N, %) | 143 (46.58%) | 48 (88.89%) | 0 (0.00%) | 95 (51.35%) | 0 (0.00%) | <0.001 |
| Antidiabetic drugs (N, %) | 66 (21.50%) | 51 (94.44%) | 15 (93.75%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs (N, %) | 84 (27.36%) | 32 (59.26%) | 6 (37.50%) | 43 (23.24%) | 3 (5.77%) | <0.001 |
| Antiaggregants (N, %) | 61 (19.87%) | 29 (53.70%) | 6 (37.50%) | 23 (12.43%) | 3 (5.77%) | <0.001 |
Demographic, physical, and medical characteristics and drug therapies of patients included in the study. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or percentage. AASI: ambulatory arterial stiffness index; DIA: diabetic nonhypertensive patients; DIA + HYP: diabetic hypertensive patients; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin; HDL: cholesterol associated with high density lipoproteins; HYP: hypertensive patients; IMT: intima-media thickness; LDL: cholesterol associated with low density lipoproteins; p: p value, statistically significant differences (ANOVA).