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. 2015 Feb 24;2:4. doi: 10.1186/s40662-015-0014-6

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© Mosquera et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Schematic sketch of the reference angles and axes in the human eye. The axes are indicated by the following lines; solid black (line of sight), solid blue (pupillary axis), dashed green (visual axis), dashed red (optical axis), and dashed black (videokeratoscope axis). The centers of curvature of each refracting surface are represented as L2, C2, C1, and L1. (Reprinted from Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 3, Issue 2, Nowakowski M, Sheehan M, Neal D, Goncharov AV, Investigation of the isoplanatic patch and wavefront aberration along the pupillary axis compared to the line of sight in the eyem, Pages 240–258, Copyright © 2012 The Optical Society All Rights Reserved, published with permission of The Optical Society.).