Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Old-for-Grade Fifth-Grade Participants (N = 5,147) in Healthy Passages Survey, Los Angeles, California; Birmingham, Alabama; and Houston, Texas, 2014.
| Characteristic | Total Sample, n = 5,129 |
Grade Retainedb, n = 665 |
Delayed School Entry, n = 249 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valuea | Valuea | P Valuec | Valuea | P Valuec | |
| Age, mean, y | 10.6 | 11.5 | <.001 | 11.3 | <.001 |
| Male | 51.1 | 58.9 | <.001 | 55.6 | .19 |
| Parental education level | |||||
| Less than high school | 23.1 | 36.9 | <.001 | 25.2 | .54 |
| High school | 21.4 | 29.9 | <.001 | 22.5 | .70 |
| Some college | 24.8 | 19.0 | .004 | 15.6 | .003 |
| College graduate | 28.9 | 11.0 | <.001 | 36.1 | .05 |
| Missing data | 1.9 | 3.3 | .04 | 0.7 | .32 |
| Household income | |||||
| <$25,000 | 38.1 | 54.3 | <.001 | 41.0 | .46 |
| $25,000–$49,000 | 24.6 | 24.3 | .83 | 16.5 | .006 |
| $50,000–$99,000 | 16.6 | 8.1 | <.001 | 14.9 | .51 |
| ≥$100,000 | 12.4 | 4.8 | <.001 | 19.0 | .005 |
| Missing data | 8.6 | 8.6 | .99 | 10.1 | .33 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 22.1 | 11.6 | <.001 | 30.8 | .006 |
| Black | 29.0 | 31.8 | .21 | 22.9 | .06 |
| Latino | 44.5 | 54.3 | <.001 | 39.9 | .26 |
| Other | 4.5 | 2.3 | <.001 | 6.5 | .10 |
| Family composition | |||||
| 2-Parent family | 58.1 | 50.2 | <.001 | 58.0 | .98 |
| Single-parent family | 37.6 | 42.6 | .01 | 38.1 | .89 |
| Other | 4.3 | 7.2 | .003 | 3.9 | .77 |
| No health insurance | 13.5 | 23.4 | <.001 | 18.2 | .09 |
| Born outside United States | 10.1 | 14.2 | .005 | 22.4 | <.001 |
| No. of elementary schools attended | 2.0 | 2.5 | <.001 | 2.3 | .001 |
| Parental involvementd | 2.3 | 2.2 | <.001 | 2.3 | .91 |
| School functioninge | 74.1 | 68.3 | <.001 | 72.7 | .28 |
| Pubertal stagef | 2.4 | 2.7 | <.001 | 2.6 | .006 |
| Substance use | |||||
| Any | 17.4 | 22.1 | .005 | 15.8 | .51 |
| Cigarettes | 6.6 | 10.3 | <.001 | 7.3 | .73 |
| Alcohol | 5.5 | 8.3 | .01 | 5.0 | .75 |
| Other drug | 9.8 | 11.8 | .11 | 8.9 | .61 |
a
Values are percentages unless otherwise indicated.
b
Grade-retained refers to students held back to repeat a grade.
c
P values were calculated using survey-weighted linear and logistic regressions to compare means and proportions of grade-retained participants with all others and delayed school entry participants with all others. All values reflect survey weights.
d
Parental involvement is the level of involvement parents have in their children’s social and scholastic lives, as measured by parents’ responses on the FACES III scale (2,23).
e
School functioning is defined by the PedsQL School Function subscale (19).
f
Pubertal stage is defined by Tanner self-staging (17).