Table 2. Association of Age for Grade With Substance Use, Fifth-Grade Participants (N = 5,147) in Healthy Passages Survey, Los Angeles, California; Birmingham, Alabama; and Houston, Texas, 2014a .
| Variableb | Any Substance |
Cigarettes |
Alcohol |
Other Drug |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Boys | ||||
| Age for grade | 1.21 (0.89–1.65) | 1.38 (0.81–2.36) | 1.25 (0.81–1.93) | 0.94 (0.63–1.41) |
| Grade retention | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) | 0.81 (0.47–1.38) | 1.33 (0.76–2.32) | 1.03 (0.68–1.57) |
| Delayed school entry | 0.31 (0.16–0.60) | 0.46 (0.16–1.31) | 0.18 (0.05–0.63) | 0.40 (0.18–0.90) |
| Pubertal stage | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) | 1.55 (1.23–1.95) | 1.32 (1.08–1.62) | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) |
| Girls | ||||
| Age for grade | 0.97 (0.68–1.38) | 1.27 (0.75–2.15) | 0.86 (0.54–1.37) | 0.99 (0.64–1.52) |
| Grade retention | 1.01 (0.68–1.51) | 0.91 (0.50–1.68) | 1.31 (0.72–2.36) | 1.00 (0.61–1.66) |
| Delayed school entry | 1.40 (0.70–2.81) | 1.54 (0.58–4.11) | 1.69 (0.63–4.54) | 1.23 (0.54–2.78) |
| Pubertal stage | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) | 1.25 (1.02–1.55) | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
Models control for family income, highest level of parental education, family structure, race/ethnicity, whether the child had health insurance, whether the child was born in the United States, parental involvement, school mobility, school functioning, study site, and interview date.
b
Age for grade is a linear measure for chronological age; grade retention is an indicator for having been held back in school; delayed school entry is an indicator for having an older age than would be expected for a fifth grader without having ever been grade retained; pubertal stage is the respondent’s self-reported Tanner stage (17) for pubertal development.